Compute! Magazine Issue 063

JJIZi^^l^-

News From The Summer Consumer Electronics Show

COMPUTE!

The Leading Magazine Of Home, Educational, And Recreational Computing

$2,95
August
1985
Issue 63
Vol. 7, No, 8

S3 75 Conado

021 P3

ISSN 019'3-357X

Animator
The Easy Way To
Create Your Own
Colorful Graphics

"^ Atari

Advanced
Commodore 1541
Disk Command
Add Power
To Your Programs

Appie lie IVIousor
Efficient Editing
With Fast
Cursor Control

Atari Color Mixing
How To Create
Dazzling Color
Displays

IBM Fiiecopy
A Better Way
To Mat<e Backups

i71486"0Z193'

0 8 d^VHlirJ k^

>$^

• J* « » •

If you own an Apple Ik,
you'd have to add three more Apple Ik's,

an Extra Keypad,

30 Block Graphic Sets,

Color Sprites,

two more voices,

four instruments,

a Cartridge Port, a Joystick Port,

and a Commodore 64...

to match the versatility, expandability
and higher Intelligence of the
new Commodore 128

(and it costs less too).

The new Commodore 128'" per-
sona! computer is breakthrough
technology at a breakthrough
price. It outshines the Apple® lie
in performance capability, per-
formance quality and price. It is
expandable to 512K RAM. The lie

doesn't expand. Commodore 128
has a numeric keypad built into its
keyboard that makes crunching
numbers a lot easier And graphic
and sound capabilities that far
exceed those of the Apple lie. But
the most important news is that

Commodore 128 jumps you into a
new world of business, productivity
education and word processing
programs while still running over
3,000 programs designed for the
Commodore 64.™ That's what we
call a higher intelligence.

COMMODORE 128^ PERSONAL COMPUTER

•Apple Is oregistefedtrQClemarte of Appte Computer. inc A HIQlier inTeillQenC©

9 Ccxninodore 1985

AMAZING DMSy

NOW! FULL SIZE, FULL FEATURE, LETTER QUALITY AT ONLY $353

If you have been searching for a letter
quality printer you have probably found
the flood of claims and counterclaims to
be a real roadblock in your search. Not
long ago we were in the same position.
We tried to determine which daisy wheel
printer had alt the features our
customers wanted, yet would not set
them back a month's salary. Recently
several manufacturers have introduced
machines that had features we were
seaching for. After a thorough assess-
ment, we eliminated one model after the
other for lack of one feature or another
until we only had one left.
THE RESULTS ARE IN

We found the printer which has all the
features anyone could want. The winner
is the Aprotek Daisy 1120, a real heavy-
duty workhorse printing at 20 characters
per second. The manufacturer is Olympic
Co. Ltd., a highly respected Japanese firm,

FEATURES GALORE

This printer has it all. To start with, it
has a front panel Pitch Selector button
with indicators which allows 10, 12, 15
characters per inch (CPI) or
Proportional Spacing. There is a Select
(Online) button (with indicator) and a
Line Feed button. You can also set Top-
of-Form or Form Feed with the touch of
the TOF button. Other front pane! in-
dicators include Power and Alarm,

To load a sheet of paper, simply place
it in the feed slot and pull the paper bail
lever. PRESTO! The paper feeds automati-
cally to a 1 inch top margin and the car-
riage aligns to the selected left margin.
In this manner, each page can have iden-
tical margins automatically. You can con-
tinue to compute while the
Daisy 1120 is

printing. The built in 2K buffer frees up
your computer while printing a page or
two allowing you to go to your next job.
To really put your printer to work, the
Cut Sheet Feeder option is great for
automatic printing of those long jobs.
Also available is the adjustable Tractor
Feed option. Compare our option prices!
Best of all the Daisy 1120 is quiet: only
57 dB-A (compare with an average of
62-65 dB-A for others).

COMPLETE COMPATIBILITY

The Daisy 1120 uses industry standard
Diablo® compatible printwheels. Scores
of typeface styles are available at most
computer or stationary stores. You can
pop in a 10, 12, 15 pitch or proportional
printwheel and use paper as wide as 14".
At 15 CPI you can print 165
columns— great for spreadsheets.

The Daisy 1120 uses the Diablo
Hytype II® standard ribbon cartridges,
.i^gain universally available.

Not only is the hardware completely
compatible, the control codes recognized
by the Daisy 1120 are Diablo 630®
compatible (industry .standard). You can
take advantage of all the great features
of word processing packages like
Wordstar® , pfs: Write® , .Microsoft
Word® and most others which allow you
to automatically use superscripts,
subscripts, automatic underiining, bold-
face (shadow printing) and doublestrike.

The printer has a set of rear switches
which allow the use of standard ASCII as
well as foreign character printwheels.
Page length can be set to 8, 11, 12, or
15". The Daisy 1120 can also be switch-
ed to add automatic line feed if required.

THE BEST PART

When shopping for a daisy wheel
printer with ail these features (if you
could find one), you could expect to pay
$600 or $700 dollars. The options would
add much more. Not now! We have done
our homework. We can now offer this
printer for only $353. Order yours today!

NO RISK OFFER

Try the Dai.sy 1120 for 2 weeks. If you
are not satisfied for ANY reason we will
refund the full price— promptly. A full
I -year parts and labor warranty is
included.

THE BOTTOM LINE
Aprotek Daisy 1120 (Order#1120) $353
w/standard Centronics parallel interface
and 2K buffer.
Options

Auto Cut Sheet Feeder (#1110) $188
Tractor Feed (#1112)577
A cc6 s sor j c s

8' Cable for IBM PC® and compatibles
(#1103) $26

Interface with cable: 'TI-eDMA (.#106) $66
•Apple II or He (#1104) $76
•All Commodore (except Pet) (#1105) $44
•All Atari (#1107) $66

shipping IS $11— UPScontinertaJ US.^, If you are in
a hum-. UPS Blue or Aif Parcel Post (second day
air) \i S25. Canada, .Ala.ska. Mexico and Hawaii arc
S3(l lairl. Other fnreiCn h S60 iairl. California
residents add 6'S'o tax. IViccs are cash prices— VISA
and M(C add .")% to total. We ship promptly on
money orders, ca-^hiers checks, and charge cards.
Allow U^Iay clearing for checks. No C.O.D.'s. Pay-
ment in L!S dollars only.

TO ORDER ONLY CALL TOLL FREE

(800) 962-5800 USA ,„ „ p„^,

(800) 962-3800 CALIF. ' '

Or send payment to address below:
Technical Information & Customer
Service: (805) 987-2454 (8-5 pstj
Dealer Inquiries Invited

'M9H5 APROTEK. All riStlH KStn-ed.
Tradfmarl«: Diabki. Hytypi- II, 630.Xt;r«x
Cor^i; Wiirdstir-Mkropro Corp.; PfS-
Sdftwart" Publishing Corp.: Micrnsult
Word.Microsoft Corp.; Apple. II,
lie-Apple Computer. Inc.:
IBM PC-IBM Corp.;
PET, CUM.

1I)7I-A Avenida Aca.so. Camarillo. CA WMiUi

COMPUTE

AUGUST 1985
VOLUME 7
NUMBER 8
ISSUE 63

FEATURES

14 Report from the Summer Consumer Electronics Show Tom R. Half hill

16 Monster Memory

20 A Tantalizing Peek at the Amiga

42 Animator Steve Johnson

GUIDE TO ARTICLES
AND PROGRAMS

AP/AT/64/1 28
Tl/PC/PCjr

REVIEWS

38 Archon II: Adept Arthur Leyenberger

38 WordPerfect for IBM Richard Mansfield

40 Adventures in Narnia for Apple and 64 C. Regena

AT/64/1 28/AP

PC

AP/64

COLUMNS AND DEPARTMENTS

4 The Editor's Notes Robert Lock

8 Readers' Feedback The Editors and Readers of COMPUTEI

24 The Beginner's Page Tom R. Halfhiil

26 Computers and Society:

Compilers, Interpreters, and Flow, Part 2 David D. Thornburg

26 On the Road with Fred D'Ignazio:

Buying the Right Educational Software Fred D'Ignazio

32 HOTWARE

33 Telecomputing Today — SIGs: Behind the Scenes Arlon R. Levitan

34 INSIGHT: Atari— Atari Input/Output Bill Wilkinson

35 IBM Personal Computing; New Life for Aging PCs Donald B. Trivette

36 Programming the Tl: Trivia Quiz C. Regena

AT
PC/PCjr

Tt

THE JOURNAL

62

68
71

72
74
76
78
80
82
84

37

41

86
89

96
96

Archive; Two-Drive Backup for Commodore 64 Philip I, Nelson

Atari Color Mixing Karl E. Wiegers

Mousor:
Escape Mode Cursor for the Apple lie ... J. Blake Lambert and Tim Victor

Commodore 64 Headliner Robert F. Lambiase

Using the Commodore USR Function Keith R. Bergerstock

Sound and Music on the Commodore 128, Part 1 Philip I. Nelson

Colorful Text for IBM Graphics Peter F. Nicholson, Jr,

Advanced 1541 Disk Commands Dave Straub

IBM Filecopy John Klein and Jeff Klein

Apple Text Windows Daniel L. Joynt

CAPUTEI Modifications or Corrections to

Previous Articles

Ciassified

COMPUTEi's Guide to Typing in Programs

MLX Mactiine Language Entry Progrom for

Commodore 64

Advertisers index

Product Mart

NOTE: See page 86
before typing In
programs.

64
AT

AP
64

V/64/+4/16/128

128

PC/PCjr

V/64/+4/16/128

PC/PCjr

AP

AP Apple, Mac Macintosh,
AT Atari, V VIC-20, 64 Com-
modore 64. +4 Commodore
Plus/4. 16 Commodore 16,
126 Commodore 128, P
PET/CBM. Tl Texas instru-
ments. PC IBM PC. PCjr IBM
PCjr, CO Radio Stiack Color
Computer.
"General interest.

TOLL FREE Subscriplion Order Line 800-334-0868 (In NC 919-275-9809)

COMPUTE! Pubiications,lnc.®

One o( ttie ABC Publishing Companies: ^^^

ABC Publishing, President, Robert G. Burton

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Address all Inquiries to:

PC. Box 5406. Greensboro. NC 27403

COMPUTEI The Journal for Progressive Computing (USPS: 537250) is published monthly by
COMPUTE! Publications. Inc., P.O. Box 5406. Greensboro, NC 27403 USA. Phone: (919) 275-9809.
Editorial Offices are located at 324 West VVendover Avenue, Greensboro, NC 27408. Domestic
Subscriptions; 12 issues, S24. Send subscription orders or change of address (P.O. form 3579) to
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Greensboro, NC 27403 and additional maiiing offices. Entire contents copyright ©1985 by
COMPUTE! Publications, Inc. All tights reserved, ISSN 0194-357X.

Editors Notes

The subdued pallor of the per-
sonal computer section at the
Summer Consumer Electronics
Show was somewhat sobering.
Dozens of industry vendors sim-
ply chose not to exhibit; dozens
more have disappeared in the
months since the last show. No-
ticeable in the reduced clutter of
exhibitors was the increased lev-
el of professionalism and so-
phistication of presentation
among those present. Also no-
ticeable was the lack of industry-
shaking innovation we've
grown accustomed to over the
last few years. Among the bright
spots were our old friends at
Atari, the Tramiels. They high-
lighted that which is best among
us by promising new innova-
tions and continued leadership
at the cutting edge of truly con-
sumer-oriented electronics.
Their demonstration of an Atari/
compact disc interface which al-
lows an entire multi-volume en-
cyclopedia to be stored and
quickly retrieved from less than
one-quarter of a single compact
disc is truly significant. Their
proposed pricing for new Atari
ST systems promises hope for
fall. (See the Consumer Elec-
tronics Show article elsewhere
in this issue for more
information.)

Commodorians are proper-
ly pushing the 128 system and
reluctantly admitting the com-
ing of the Amiga. We were
shocked to discover that appar-
ently some at Commodore still
enjoy political magazine games.

Several of our competitors had
already received Amiga systems
while Commodore public rela-
tions personnel were concur-
rently telling us that all
magazines would be treated
equally. It makes one wonder
what motive Commodore might
have for withholding access to
the Amiga from the largest
Commodore-related publisher
in the industry. Ah, well. COM-
PUTE! always perseveres, and
you may rely on us to bring you
continuing and timely assess-
ments of the new Amiga.
Among our articles this month
on the Consumer Electronics
Show, you'll find some early
information on the Amiga. It
looks like a pretty impressive
machine.

On this increasingly hope-
ful note, we'll point out that the
traditionally upbeat Christmas
season, while viewed with cau-
tion, is expected to be a good
one for the vendors who have
remained in the marketplace.
It's a bit of the smaller pie and
fewer slices phenomena. That
same principle can perhaps be
extended to the magazine pub-
lishing industry. We have a
small group among our compet-
itors whose attacks on us over
the years have ebbed and
flowed with the success of the

various magazines they launch
to compete with ours. As prob-
lems arise for whatever flagship
they're currently pushing, we
can detect a significant increase
in the various voices they raise
in criticism of us, our style, our
policies, our editors, our writing.
We have always chosen io re-
main silent in the face of these
rumblings and time has always
proven to be our steadfast ally.
We suspect such will remain the
case. In the meantime, we'll
continue our efforts to always
provide you with the most bal-
anced magazines of the best
quality we can publish. Thank
you for your continued support.

Editor in Chief

4 COMPUTE! August 1985

ThE Better Letter Box

Introducing EasyPIex! The new,
easy-to-use electronic mail system
from CompuServe.

Finally! Electronic Mail that's so easy to
use you can start composing and sending
messages the first time you get online.

Designed for various experience levels,
EasyPIex has a menu mode with simple,
easy-to-follow directions for beginners,
and it lets experienced users save time by
working irt the prompt or command modes.
With EasyPlex, you can compose, edit, send,
file, and take advantage of sophisticated

options previously available only with more
expensive services.

CompuServe's EasyPIex lets friends and
relatives, associations and club members
communicate any time of the day or night.
And small business owners, real estate
professionals, insurance agents, lawyers,
writers, etc can communicate quickly and
simply— either interoffice or interstate.
It's Easy." "Just Plex it!"

Best of all. EasyPIex is available to all
CompuServe subscribers. And, along with
EasyPIex, you get hundreds of valuable and
entertaining computing options. Plus the
assurance of belonging to the largest, fastest

growing computer information service in
the world and the premier supplier of
business information to FORTUNE 500
companies.

Start communicating! To buy a
CompuServe Subscription Kit, see your
nearest computer dealer To receive our
informative brochure or to order direct,
call or write:

CompuServe

Information Services, RO. Box 20212

5000 Arlington Centre Blvd.. Columbus, Ohio 43220

800-848-8199

In Ohio, call 614-457-0802
An H&R Block Coinpany

Publisher

Editor In Chief

Director of Administration

Gary f? InQersoll
Robert C Lock
Alice S Wolte

Senior Editor

Monoglng Editor

Editor

Asstslont Editor

Production DErectof

Production Editor

Editor. COMPUTEI's GAZEHE

Technical Editor

As$[5lant Technical Editors

Prograrri Editor

Features Editor

Assistant Editor, COMPUTEI's

GAZEHE
Feature Writer
Research Asslslanl
Progrommlng Supervisor
Editorial Programmers

Submissions Revhewef
Piogrammtng Asslslanti
Copy Editors
Executive Asilitgnl
Admlnistrolive Asstslonls

Assoclale fditors

Contrtbutlr>g Editor

Richard Mansfield

Kathleen Mortmek

Tom R. Hatfhill

Philip Nelson

Tony Rotierts

Gall Cov^per

Lance Elko

Ottis R. Cowper

John KtQuse, George WlHer

Charles Brannon

Selby eotemon

Toda Helmorck

Kothy Vakql

Sharon Darling

Potrick Porrish

Tim Victor^ Kevin Mykytyn,

Kevin Mortin

Mark Tuttle

David Florance. Suson Doss

Joon RouleoUj Ann Dovies

Susan Young

Julio Fleming, Iris Brooks, Jan

K ret low

Jim Sutterfielcf

Toronto. Canada

Hofvey Hermon

Greensboro, NC

Fred D'tgnozio

Roonoke. VA

David Thomburg

Los Altos. CA

Bill Wilkinson

COMPUTEI'S Book Division
Editor

Assistont Editors
Administrative AssisSani
Director, Book Sales &

Marketing
Assist on t

Stephen Levy

Gregg Keijer. J. Bloke Lambert

Lauro WacFaddon

Steve Vovotiis
Cofol Dickerson

Production Manager

Art * Design Director

Assistant Editor, Art & Design

Mechonlcai Art Supervisor

Artists

Typesetting

liluslrolor

Irma Swain

Janice R. Fory

Lee Noel

De Potter

Debbie Bray. Dabney Gllck

Terry Cosh, Carole Dunton

Horry Blair

Dfrecfor ol Advertising Sales Ken Woodard
Production Coordlnaloi Patti Stokes

Administratlva Assistant KothFeen Honlon

Promotion Asslslanl

CaroSlne Dork

Customer Service Manager Phiiippa King

Dealer Soles Supervisor
Assistants

individual Ordet Supervisor
Assistants

Warehouse Manager
Sfotr

Gail Jones

Debl Goforth, Liz Kajsensljemo^

Rtionda Sovage

Judy Taylor

Betty Atkins. Gayfe Benbow,

Mory Hunt, Jenno Nosh, Chris

Potty

Lonnie Arden

Harold Ayers, Steve Bowman,

Lorry O'Connor. David Henstey

Data Processing Manager
Assistant

Leon Stokes

Chris Cain

Vice President, Finance &

Planning
Director, Finance & Planning
Accountont
Financial Analyst
S(aft

Paul J. Mogiiolo
R. Steven Vetter
Robert L. Bean
Koren K. f^ogolskl
Dole Broncti, Jill Pope

Credit Manager
Stofl

&arry L Beck

Sybil Agee. Anne Ferguson. Pat
Fuller. Doris HoU. Undo Miller,
Wory Waddelt. Jane WIggs

Purctioslng Manager

Greg L. Smith

Robert C. Lock. Chief Executive Officer

Gary R. ingersoU President

Paul J. Megiioia, Vice Presiderii. Fmonce and Planning

Debi Nosh, Executive Assistant

Anita Armfleld, Assistant

iflil

PlagaiitK PuMlHwrs AvKKiaMon

Atidh Bnrcm
o^r ClrenlitioQi

Coming In Future Issues

Hands-On Reports:
Atari 520ST
Commodore Amiga
Atari 130XE And DOS 2.5

Word Search:

Puzzle Generator For Atari,

Commodore 64, 1 28, VIC,

Plus/4, 16, Apple,

IBM PC/PCjr, TI-99/4A

Chess For IBM PC/PCjr

Easy Apple Screen Editing

Commodore 64 Disk
Commander

The Last Warrior

Action Game For Commodore 64,

Atari, Apple, IBM PC/PCjr

COMPUTEt Publications. Inc- publlsnes:

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COMPUTErs

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The COMPUTEI subscriber list fs mads QvQiiabie to ccrefully screened orQonizations willi a product or service which
moy be of interest io our readers. B you prefer not to receive such mailings, please send an exact copy ot your
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receive only your subscription

Authors of manuscripts warrant that all materials submitted to COMPUTE! are original motenols with full ownership
rights resident in said authors. By submitting articles to COMPUTEI. authors acknowledge that such materials, upon
acceptance for publicotion. become the exclusive property of COMPUTEI Publications, Inc. No portion of this maga-
zine may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher. Entire contents copyright © 1 985,
COMPUTE! Publications. Inc. Rights to progroms developed and submitted by authors are explolned In our author
contract. Unsolicited materials not accepted for publication in COMPUTEI will be returned if oulhor provides a self-
oddressed. stamped envelope, Programs (on tope or disk) must accompany each submission , Printed listings are op-
tionol, but helpful. Articles should be fumistied as typed copy (upper- and lowercase, please) with double spacing.
Each page of your articia should bear the title of the orticle, date and name of the author, COMPUTE! assumes no
liability for errors In articles or advertisements. Opinions expressed by outhors are not necessarily those of COMPUTEI

PET, CBM. ViC'2D and CommodOEe 64 are trademarks of Commodore

Business Machines, inc. and/or Commodore [riectronics Limited
Apple IS a trademark of Apple Computer Company
IQM PC and PCjr are trademarks of Intemationol Business tviachines. Inc.

ATAIJI is a trademofJt of Atari, Inc,
TI-99/4A is Q trademork ot Text35 instruments, inc.
ffaOio Shack Colo' Computer is a trodemortf of
Tondy. inc

A SPECIAL OFFER FROM

COMPUTE! BOOKS

Buy any of the new Apple titles listed below before September 15, 1985 and receive a $1 .00 discount on each
book, These information-packed books contain games, applications programs, buying guides. stef>by-step
instnjctions, product reviews, special tutorials for kids, and much more for your Apple II, II +, lie, lie, or Macintosh
computer.

COMPUTE!'* Kid* and the Apple

Edward H. Carlson
$12.95

A fun and easy-to-use book for kids ages
10-14 interested in learning BASiC
progran^ming on their Apple computers.

COMPUTEI's First Book of Apple

Edited
$12.95

A collection of 35 exciting gomes, educa-
tional programs, home applications, and
graphics routines for owners of Apple II,
!l-i-, lie, and He computers.

COMPUTEI'c Easy BASIC Programs for
the Apple

Brian Rynn
$14.95

A wide-ranging selection of short BASIC
programs for the Apple II series of comput-
ers, including thought-provoking games,
home applications, and business forecast-
ing tools.

COMPHITEr* Guide to Telecomputing
on the Apple lie

Thomas E. Enright, Joan NIckerson. and
Anne Waymon
$9.95

An informative and eosy-to-understond
book for the beginner which explains how
to access bulletin boards, select tele-
communications software, and use the
Apple lie to communicate with other
computers over the phone.

COMPUTEI's Apple Game* for Kids

Clarlt ond Kathy H. K(dd
$12.95

An instant library of quality educational
software to teach and entertain the entire
family.

Becomlitg a MacArllct

VohS Guzelimian
$17.95

An excellent Illustrated guide to f^aclntosh
grophlcs, giving you direct access to the
power and flexibility of MacDraw,
MacPaint, and MacWrite.

Mall In Ihe coupon below with your paymeni by September 15, 1985 to receive your special discouni from COMPUTE! Books.

To order your Apple tllies, call toil-free 800-334-086B (in NC 919-275-9809), or mall this coupon with your
payment to COfVlPUTE! Boolts, P.O. Box 5058, Greensboro, NC 27403.

COMPUTEI's First Book of Apple. 69-8 $12,95

COMPUTEI's Kids and the Apple. 7&0 $12.95

Becoming a MacArtist. 80-9 $17.95

COMPUTEI's Easy BASIC Programs for the Apple. 88-4 $14.95

COMPUTEI's Apple Games for Kids. 91-4 $12.95

COMPUTEI's Guide to Telecomputing on the Apple lie. 98-1 $9.95

Subtotal S

ALL ORDERS MUST BE PREPAID

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_L

(Rec ed)

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Please allow i-6 weeks for aelivory. All povmsnts must b« in U.S. funds

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jsaiisi

Readers Feedback

Ihe Editors ond Readers of COMPUTE!

If you have any questions, comments, or
suggestions you would like to see ad-
dressed in this column, write to "Readers'
Feedback," compute!, P.O. Box 5i06,
Greensboro, NC 27403. Due to the volume
of mail we receive, we regret that we
cannot provide personal answers to tech-
nical questions.

Modular Phone Booths

I'm writing a book — not on computers,
but on radio news. Like you, we make
great use of the telephone for relaying
material recorded on cassette. Ours is
analog voice material, and the similar-
ity of what we do to computer applica-
tions of the phone prompted me to
write.

I've tried without success to inter-
est Ma Bell and GTE in installing modu-
lar jacks on their pay phones. This
would allow us to use a simple patch
cord to go from a cassette recorder out-
put without wrenching off the phone
handset cover or using an acoustic cou-
pler, which lowers quality.

Are you aware of any attempts by
computer users (or manufacturers) to
get direct access to phone equipment? I
would imagine this would be valuable
for both groups, doing away with the
need for acoustic couplers, plus their
extra cost and size.

I'd appreciate hearing of any ef-
forts you're aware of on pay phone
access. It may take the clout of manu-
facturers, computer users, and com-
puter publications to convince these
giant phone utilities to allow direct pay
phone access.

F. Gifford

We haven't heard of any such lobbying
efforts among computer hobbyists, but
your most likely allies would be user
groups that cater to portable computer
owners. For instance, there's a special
interest group (SIG) on the CompuServe
Information Service for users of the Radio
Shack TRS-80 Model 200. As active mem-
bers of a commercial telecomputing net-
work, these people are also likely to have
encountered the same problems that you
have. Battery-powered lap portables with
built-in direct-connect modems are won-
derfully convenient for traveling journal-

ists and business people, but as you point
out, the acoustic cups necessary to link
them to pay phones are bulky, clumsy, and
less reliable.

However, it seems unlikely that the
phone companies will bend to your de-
mands anytime soon. For one thing, porta-
ble computer users (and radio journalists)
encompass a pretty small minority at this
time— loo small, we suspect, to justify
modifying all the pay phones in the coun-
try. More importantly, handsets attached
to public phones with modular jacks
would be tempting targets for thieves.
Anybody could unplug the handset and
run off with it. Of course, pay phones
could be redesigned with a conventionally
attached handset and a modular jack as an
accessory. Perhaps this will happen some-
day when portable computers are built
into wristwatches and nearly everybody
has one.

By the way, while you're lobbying,
you might also want to target hotels and
motels— we've found that many of them
don't equip their phones with modular
jacks, either.

Fate Of The PCjr

Being the owner of a PCjr and with the
recent bad news from IBM, it seems I
have to make a decision on my future
with the Junior. Hopefully you can give
me some insight.

1. 1 could sell it and then buy a PC,
but that would cost a thousand or two
more for a system with similar color
capabilities.

2. 1 could move to an Apple lie, but
I would have to start all over with my
software.

3. I could make the Junior as PC-
compatible as possible.

I would like more help with this
third choice. I have heard of two expan-
sion chassis, one by Quadram and an-
other by Racore. Both add a second
floppy drive, clock, parallel printer
port, etc. And they add a switch to
change modes from PCjr to PC. The
Racore also adds an optional ten-
megabyte hard disk.

Could you test these add-ons?
Which is better, a second floppy drive
or a hard disk? Will these chassis help

to secure what I've invested in the Ju-
nior, or should I bail out altogether?

Bob Hana

There's no reason to get rid of your PCjr as
long as it meets your needs — and that's
something only you can decide. IBM has
not abandoned the PCjr; although produc-
tion has been halted, IBM promises to
continue supporting the computer with
service and software. Since the PCjr al-
ready IS fairly compatible with the PC, a
wide selection of software is available and
will continue to be available.

According to esti?nates we've seen,
roughly 300,000 PCjrs have been sold.
That's not a huge base compared to Com-
modore, Tl, Apple, and Atari computers,
but it's large enough to guarantee that
software and expansion hardware will re-
main in supply in the immediate future.
Still, in time, PCjr-specific products —
particularly from non-IBM suppliers —
may begin to dry up. So if there's anything
you think your system might need, you
should plan to buy while it remains
available.

If you need to make your PCjr more
PC-compatible, you must balance the cost
of expanding the Junior against the cost of
a new PC or compatible. There are several
expansion modules on the market in addi-
tion to the products you mention which
add more RAM, a second floppy disk
drive, a realtime clock, parallel printer
port, hard disk drive, and so on. Some of
them allow more expansion than others
and different combinations of options. See
the September 1984 issue of COMputEI's
PC & PCjr magazine for reviews of the
Tecmar jrCaptain and Legacy expansion
modules.

Be aware, however, that no matter
which one you pick, your PCjr won't be
100 percent PC-compatible 100 percent of
the time because of some fundamental
design differences. (See "PCjr Memory
Compatibility," compute!, March 1985.)
Usually this isn't a major concern, but you
should test new software on the PCjr
before buying, or at least secure return
privileges in case the program doesn't
work.

The question of whether a hard disk
is preferable to a second floppy drive de-
pends on your needs and your pocketbook.
A hard disk is much faster and stores
much more data than a floppy drive, but it

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costs a lot more, too. One thing to keep in
mitid is that some cotnmercial software is
copy-protected in such a way that it re-
quires you to boot off the floppy even if
you have a hard disk.

Commodore INPUT Revisited

Your answer to Scott Mefferd's letter
about suppressing the Commodore IN-
PUT question mark (compute!. May
1985) is incorrect. It's quite easy to sup-
press the question mark that INPUT
usually prints, Use POKE 19,64 before
the INPUT command to disable it, and
POKE 19,0 to bring it back. Here is an
example:

10 POKE 19,64:INPUT"ENTER

WORD";A$
20 POKE 19,0;PRINT

You must enter some value when
using this method (vou can't just press
RETURN). Add a' PRINT statement
after the input, since the cursor doesn't
automatically go to the next line. You
can also treat the keyboard as a periph-
eral, reading it with an INPUT* state-
ment as shown here:

10 OPEN 1,0: PRINT"ENTER

WORD"';:INPUT#l,AS
20 PRINT: CLOSE 1

David Tucci

A number of readers have written to sug-
gest these methods, both of which work
fine. The first method is simple and trouble-
free provided you ahvays restore things to
normal with POKE 19,0. The second
method takes advaiUage of the fact that
the keyboard is just another peripheral
(device number 0) as far as the computer is
concerned. You can OPEN a communica-
tion channel to the keyboard and input a
string with !NPUT#, the same as with
other peripherals.

A third method, suggested by reader
Robert Kodadek, bypasses the BASIC IN-
PUT routine and calls CHRIN directly.
CHRIN is a machine language routine
stored in the computer's Read Only Mem-
ory (ROM) which fetches one character
from the designated input device every
time it is called. Since the keyboard is the
computer's default input device (unless
you specify otherwise), CHRIN acts much
like GET, retrieving one character at a
time:

10 A$ = "": PRINT "ENTER WORD: ";
20 SYS 65487: A = PEEK{780): IF

A<>13 THEN A$'=A$ +

CHR$(A):GOTO 20
30 PRINT: PRINT AS

CHRIN stores the character's ASCII
value in the microprocessor's accumulator
register, which is echoed at location 780
in the Commodore 64 and VIC-20. If you
have a Plus/4 or Commodore 16, substi-
tute the address 2034 for 780 in line 20.
This method is a little slower than the first

two because it has to compile the string
one character at a time in BASIC, termi-
nating when it detects a carriage return
(CHRm3)).

Missing Atari Memory?

When I run the memory test on my
Atari 800XL, it seems to check only the
first 40K of RAM. There are no red
blocks anywhere on the screen, but it
refuses to check the last 8K of user
RAM. When I check RAMTOP with
PEEK(106), it returns a value of 160. If I
am not mistaken, 48K of RAM should
return a value of 192. The only other
symptom is an above-average amount
of keyboard lockup, What's wrong
here?

Dave Nessell

Either you did not disable BASIC on
powerup by holding down the OPTION
key or you have a cartridge installed. A
cartridge or the built-in BASIC uses the
top 8K of your 48K of memory. To free up
this 8K of RAM, disable BASIC or remove
the cartridge when running the memory
test.

The keyboard lockups are probably
unrelated to the results of the memory
test. Instead, BASIC is most likely to
blame. The first Atari BASIC cartridge
suffered from a lockup bug that was sup-
posedly fixed in revision B BASIC, the
version built into the 600XL and 800XL
Unfortunately, the fix only made the prob-
lem worse. (See "INSIGHT: Atari," COM-
PUTE!, May and June 1985.)

Atari has finally eliminated the lock-
up bug for good in revision C BASIC. This
version is built into the new 130XE com-
puter and is available on cartridge for
earlier machines. To obtain a cartridge,
send S15 to:

Atari Corp.
Customer Relations
390 Caribbean Drive
Sunnyvale, CA 94088

Resetting The SID Chilp

Does SYS 64738 completely reset the
Commodore 64 to its power-up state?
When 1 use this SYS after running a
music program, and then run a game
program, I can hear a faint lingering
tone. This does not happen when I turn
the computer off and on, then run the
game program.

Bruce Snider

You've noticed a 64 "feature" that many
programmers overlook. Though you might
expect system reset to clear the 64's SID
(Sound Interface Device) chip, all it does is
turn the volume down. This is easy to
demonstrate. Turn up the volume on your
TV or monitor and enter the following line
in direct mode (without a line nur7iber):

POKE 54273,20:FOKE S4277,15:POKE

S4278,24Q:POKE 54276,33:POKE
54296,15

Press RETURN after typing this line.
The SID chip produces a continuous tone.
Now type SYS 64738 and press RETURN,
or press RUN /STOP-RESTORE. The vol-
ume cuts off (you may still hear a faint
tone in the background). Enter POKE
54296,15 to turn up the volume again, and
the tone comes back loud and clear, prov-
ing that the other SID registers retained
the values you POKEd in.

SYS 64738 makes the computer jump
into ROM and execute several reset rou-
tines. One of these ROM routines — called
lOINIT — IS supposed to reset the system
for normal input/output operations
(lOINIT also executes when you press
RUN /STOP-RESTORE). Unfortunately,
rather than putting zeros in ail 25 of the
SID chip's control registers (as it should
do to turn off the whole chip), lOINITjust
puts a zero in the volume register (location
54296). If other SID registers are still
active, crosstalk signals may leak through
to the chip's output wire, producing back-
ground noise even though the SID's vol-
ume is off.

Besides adding unwanted crosstalk,
residual SID values can prevent sounds
from being heard. The three low bits of
location 54295 control whether any of the
SID's three voices are routed throug'' 'he
SID filter. If any of these three bits are left
on (set to 2) and the filter cutoff frequency
remains at an extreme value, one or more
of the voices may be distorted or
inaudible.

To eliminate such probletns, use the
statement FOR J= 54272 TO 54296:
POKE J,0:NEXT at the beginning of ev-
ery 64 program that uses sound. You can
also execute the statement in direct mode
by typing it in without a line number and
pressing RETURN. Incidentally, siiice the
Commodore 128 emulates a 64 when ruji-
ning in 64 mode, it suffers from the same
problem; however, in 128 mode RUN/
STOP-RESTORE seems to clear the SID
chip correctly.

Hex Keypad For Apple MLX

Like Larry Watkins ("Readers' Feed-
back," May 1985), 1 usually enter MLX
machine language listings with one
hand and follow the code with the oth-
er. Is it possible to write a program for
the Apple lie that changes the keys to a
numeric keypad? I'd like to see a hexa-
decimal arrangement and a colon you
don't have to shift.

Bill Pearson

Only two line changes are required to
redefine part of the keyboard as a 16-key
hexadecimal keypad for "Apple MLX"
(which first appeared in the June 1985
issue a)id is published periodically in
COMPUTE!}. Replace line 410 of MLX and

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Once these changes are made, Apple
MIX accepts 7-8-9-0 for C-D-E-F, U-I-
0-P for 8-9-A-B, J-K-L-; for 4-5-6-7 and
M-,--/ for 0-1-2-3. You can even put
stick-on numbers on the front of the rede-
fined keys. Since you don't need to type
colons in Apple MIX listings, the colon
key has been left alone.

Better Atari Color
Combinations

Please tell me the proper POKE or SET-
COLOR command to make my Atari
SOOXL's text blue on darkest blue, blue
on black, white on black, or any other
combinations that might be easier on
one's eyes. Will leaving the computer in
these modes for long periods of time
damage anything? Is there any way to
make DOS 3.0 work in these altered
text colors?

Jeb Branham

It's quite easy to change the Atari screen
colors. The statement SETCOLOR 1,
color,brightness sets the brightness level
of text. The color value is irrelevant, since
text is ahvays the same color as the back-
ground (simply a different shade). The
brightness value must be an even number
from 0 (darkest) to 14 (brightest). Use SET-
COLOR 2,color,brightness to control the
background color. The color value can be
any number from 0-15, and the bright-
ness can be any even number from 0-14.
You can alsp set the border color with
SETCOLOR 4,color,brightness.

For instance, the statements SET-
COLOR 1,0,10: SETCOLOR 2,9,0 pro-
duce light blue on dark blue. Blue text on a
black background is not possible, since
both screen and character color must be
the same color. However, some shades of
the same color look like different colors.
For example, bright red-orange looks like
yellow, and white is actually "bright
black." Thus, SETCOLOR 1,0,10: SET-
COLOR 2,0,0 gives you white text on a
black screen.

Many people find it easier to read
black text on a white background, since
this combination simulates the appear-
ance of type on paper. Use SETCOLOR
1,0,2: SETCOLOR 2,0,10. You may have
to fiddle with the brightness numbers to
get the contrast right. Unfortunately,
these color changes are transient. The
normal screen colors return when you
press SYSTEM RESET, change graphics
modes, or go to DOS. To change the screen
colors of the DOS menu, you'd have to
disassemble DOS to find the instruction
which sets the colors and then alter the

instruction yourself.

No color combination will damage
your TV or monitor unless you leave very
bright text on the screen for a significant
period of time (such as overnight). Atari
computers have a built-in protection fea-
ture against burn-in: If you don't press
any keys for about nine tninutes, the com-
puter automatically enters attract mode,
in which the screen colors continually
cycle at 50 percent brightness until you
press a key.

Programming The VIC/64
User Port

I have built a breadboard system and
interface to the VIC-20 user port, but
am having trouble with programs to
make use of it. Could you give me more
information on how to program the
user port?

John W. Farrow, Sr.

The user port, located on the back of the
cotnputer on the left side, gives you direct
access to the computer and allows control
of external parallel and RS-232 serial de-
vices. Access to the user port is through
the VIA (Versatile Interface Adapter)
chips on the VIC, and the CIA (Complex
Interface Adapter) chips on the 64.

Communications with RS-232 serial
devices like modems are provided for in
the computers' operating system via de-
vice 2, so we assume your homebrew in-
terface makes use of the user port's
eight-bit parallel data port. The parallel
port can be controlled directly from
BASIC with PEEK and POKE commands.
When the port is being used for input, the
address (37136 for the VIC, 56577 for the
64) is PEEKed. When the port is used for
output, the address is POKEd.

Before data can be exchanged
through the port, the function of the eight
data lines must be specified by setting the
data direction register for the user port
(37138 for the VIC, 56579 for the 64). Each
of the eight bits at this address controls
the direction of data flow for the corre-
sponding bit of the user port. When a bit
in this register is set to 0, the correspond-
ing bit in the user port is used for input.
Setting a bit in the data direction register
to 1 indicates that the user port bit will be
used for output. Pressing RUN/STOP-
RESTORE or powering up initializes ail
bits in the direction register to 0, setting
all lines of the port for input. POKEing a
value of 255 into the register will set all
lines for output. Any combination of input
and output lines can be specified by
POKEing the value for the desired pattern
of I's and O's into the data direction
register.

Once the data direction register is set
up, the desired lines of the user port can
be read from or written to by PEEKing or
POKEing the data register. If a line is

selected for data input, the corresponding
bit in the data register will hold a 0 if the
line is at its low state (0 volts) and a 1 if
the line is at its high state (at least 2.4 —
but not more than 5 — volts). If the port is
set for output, setting a bit in the data
register to 0 causes the correspotiding line
on the port to be set to its low state, 0
volts. Setting a bit to 1 causes the voltage
on the line to rise to its high state (usually
about +5 volts). For example, the follow-
ing statements set all eight lines of the
VIC's user port for output, then present a
high (+5V) state on each line:

10 POKE 37138,255
20 POKE 37136,255

Since applying improper voltages to
the lines of the user port can damage the
VIA and CIA chips — rendering your com-
puter useless — we recommend that you
use caution when experimenting with the
port. If you're unfamiliar with the basics
of electronics, you should connect only
circuits designed by knowledgeable
technicians.

For more information, and a simple
peripheral device which can be controlled
by the user port, refer to Chapter 5 in
COMPUTEI's First Book of Commo-
dore 64. Additional information can also
be obtained from Mapping the VIC,
Mapping the Commodore 64, and Pro-
gramming the VIC, from COMPUTE!
Books. ©

12 COMPUTEI August 1986

COMPUTE!
Subscriber Services

Please help us serve you better. If you
need to contact us for any of ttie reasons
listed below, write to us at;

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or call the Toll Free number listed below,

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Renewal. Should you wish to renew your
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or call the Toll Free number listed below.

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COMPUTE!
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In NC 919-275-9809

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Report From
The Summer

Consumer
Electronics

Tom R. Halfhill, Editor

Considerably less frantic than past
Consumer Electronic Shows — at least
in the computer section—this sum-
mer's CES nevertheless showcased
some groundbreaking new products.
Foremost was Atari's announcement
of a mass storage device that may
bri}ig optical memory into homes,
schools, and businesses by early 1986.

It would border on the out-
rageous to describe any Con-
sumer Electronics Show as
"quiet" — considering that 80,000
to 100,000 retailers, wholesalers,
middlemen, and journalists spend
four days jamming their way into
convention halls for what is billed
as the world's largest industry trade
show.

Still, something was noticeably
different about this June's CES in
Chicago. The annual noise which
emanates from the personal com-
puter section in the McCormick
West building had dissipated to a
muffled roar.

Only two U.S. computer man-
ufacturers were in attendance:
Commodore and Atari. IBM and
Apple, as is their custom, skipped
the show. Atari, which a few weeks
earlier had announced it was pull-
ing out of CES, was enticed back by
the show management but occu-

}4 COMPUTEI August 1985

pied a couple of meeting rooms in-
stead of its extravagant exhibit of
days past. And the lower level of
McCormick West, once the exclu-
sive domain of a hundred computer
software companies, now was half-
filled with videotape exhibits and
purveyors of video porn. Rarely
have the effects of the much-
publicized industry shakeout been
so apparent.

On the bright side, the mood
was just slightly more optimistic as
both Atari and Commodore moved
closer to shipping actual production
models of their latest personal com-
puters. In fact, as the show opened.
Atari said it had delivered the first
5,000 of its new 520STs to Canada
and Europe and was expecting
large-volume shipments to the U.S.
by July 8. Commodore said it was
only weeks away from shipping the
Commodore 128, and was gearing
up for a press conference in late July
to officially announce its eagerly
anticipated Amiga computer (see
the accompanying article, "A Tan-
talizing Peek At The Amiga").

Several software companies
announced new products for the
Commodore 128, Amiga, and Atari
ST series, although most seem to be
cautiously hanging back until they
see how the machines fare.

On the hardware front, Atari
announced a mass-market version
of the ST, Commodore exhibited a
dual disk drive for the Commodore
128, and a British company an-
nounced it would export a 128K
computer to the U.S. But the most
interesting news from the show
was a revolutionary new peripheral
displayed for the first time by Atari:

A very fast mass storage device that
uses high-density optical discs. It
was a dramatic demonstration that
the upcoming generation of person-
al computers will place much of the
power of a mainframe computer on
a desktop. It also showed that the
personal computer industry is not
only far from finished, but is just
getting started.

Atari's big announcement
was the CD-ROM, which
stands for Compact Disc-
Read Only Memory. If you've never
heard of a CD-ROM before, pre-
pare to read dozens of articles about
it in coming months, because with-
in two years CD-ROMs will proba-
bly be everywhere. (See the
accompanying article, "Monster
Memory.")

Atari hooked up a working
prototype of a CD-ROM to a 520ST
on the second morning of the show,
and the Atari exhibit was packed
for the next three days. Although
the hardware looked rough, the
software appeared to be nearly
complete. In fact. Atari hopes to
have the product ready for sale by
late this year or early 1986 for about
$500.

The software that allows the
CD-ROM to work with the 520ST is
being developed by an optical type-
setting company, Activenture, Inc.
of Pacific Grove, California. Acti-
venture has placed an entire 23-
volume, nine-million-word
encyclopedia plus index on a single
optical disc — and the disc is still
three-quarters empty. The system is
so efficient that any entry can be
looked up in a matter of seconds.
When the CD-ROM is intro-
duced, Atari and Activenture hope
to have other databases available,
too. Some examples might be addi-
tional encyclopedias, legal and
medical references, cookbooks,
phone books, and the whole Li-
brary of Congress card catalog. In

fact, for reference works, the CD-
ROM may be a significant step to-
ward tlie paperless information
age.

"The ink-on-paper business
was fairly restrictive," says Tom
Rolander, vice president for engi-
neering of Activenture. "The only
way you could look at information
was in the way the original publish-
er had organized and presented it
while laying it down on paper.
When using reference material —
which is why we're starting with
encyclopedias and things like
that — the degree of usefulness is
based on how well we can find the
information within that material. In
other words, how good its indexing
system is. What we have here, by
connecting the computer with the
CD-ROM, is the ultimate indexing
tool. We'll know every reference
there is to everything that's in the
database."

The paperless information age,
however, is encountering some re-
sistance by those whose business
depends on putting information on
paper — traditional publishers. For
example. Atari and Activenture had
to delay announcing the name of
the encyclopedia on their CD-ROM
disc because the publisher didn't
want any publicity until the final
contract was signed. Rolander says
all the publishers will probably fall
in line once the first one does, but
that many publishers are wary of
the new technology.

"They can charge $1,000 for a
shelf-full of books, but how much
will people be willing to pay for the
same information on one of these?"
asks Rolander, spinning a disc on
his finger. "To consumers, it
doesn't look like they're getting as
much. Will people pay $500? Or
$150? Or $50? We don't know yet.
This may finally determine the true
value of information."

Besides the CD-ROM, Atari
announced two new vari-
ations of its 520ST, the
260ST and 260STD. They're identi-
cal to the 520ST except for three
features: 256K RAM instead of
512K; a built-in RF modulator so
they can be plugged into an ordi-
nary TV set as well as color or
monochrome monitors; and the op-
erating system and GEM (Graphics

Environment Manager) in ROM in-
stead of in RAM. Also, the 260STD
has a built-in 3y2-inch floppy disk
drive. They are scheduled for re-
lease this fall for $399 and $499,
respectively.

Atari says it plans to sell the
260ST and 260STD through mass-
market channels, such as discount
stores, while restricting the 520ST
to specialty dealers, such as com-
puter shops. This is a reversal of
Atari's original plan to sell the
520ST through all types of outlets.

Atari also has been wavering
back and forth on whether the op-
erating system and GEM will ever
be in ROM on the 520ST. When the
520ST was first announced in Janu-
ary, Atari said all the system soft-
ware would be in ROM. But delays
in debugging the operating system
prompted Atari to release it on disk
with initial shipments of the com-
puter. Then there were conflicting
statements about whether early
520ST owners would be able to
upgrade to a ROM-based operating
system later. (A RAM-based oper-
ating system takes longer to boot
up, but is easier to revise; a ROM-
based system boots up instandy,
but can be upgraded only by replac-
ing the ROM chips.)

At CES, Atari President Sam
Tramiel told COMPUTE! that the op-
erating system will be transferred to
ROM for the 260ST/260STD, and
then made available at "minimal
cost" for 520ST owners with RAM-
based systems. "These 18 guys
back in Sunnyvale [at Atari's soft-
ware department] are right now
crunching the code to get it into the
ROM size [192K]," said Tramiel.
"TOS [Tramiel Operating System]
now I think is 205K, or something
like that. We feel it's not a big prob-
lem, but we've got to get it done
fast,"

Commodore was relatively
idle at this CES. Its only
new hardware announce-
ments for the U.S. market were a
dual floppy disk drive for the Com-
modore 128 and a dot matrix print-
er. Interestingly, before CES
started. Commodore intended to
show a hard disk drive for the 64
and 128, but pulled the product at
the last minute for unknown rea-
sons. Commodore also pulled the

LCD portable lap computer first
shown at the January CES; report-
edly, the machine has been post-
poned while Commodore concen-
trates on bringing the 128 and
Amiga to market.

The new 1572 dual disk drive
combines two 1571 drives in a slim-
line case designed to sit atop the
Commodore 128. It has the same
multimode capabilities as the 1571
(Commodore 64, Commodore 128,
and CP/M formats). Commodore
says it should be available this sum-
mer, but no price was announced.

The new MPS 1000 is a multi-
mode dot matrix printer. In draft
mode, it prints at lOO characters per
second (cps); in near-letter quality
mode, it prints sharper characters at
16 cps; and in graphics mode, it has
a density of 50 to 240 dots per inch.
It can also print in widths ranging
from 80 to 160 columns. It's com-
patible with the Commodore 128,
64, and many other personal com-
puters. Like the 1572 disk drive, it's
scheduled to be available this sum-
mer, but no price was announced.

Two products exhibited at the
Winter CES were firmed up at this
show. The Commodore 1670 direct-
connect modem, which transfers
data at 1200 bits per second, will
sell for around $200 and has auto
dial, auto answer, auto mode selec-
tion, and auto speed switching from
300 to 1200 bps. It works with the
128, 64, SX-64, Plus/4, and VIC-
20. And the Commodore two-but-
ton mouse controller first seen in
January will sell for $49.95 and
should be available immediately. It
works with the 128, 64, and VIC.

Commodore also showed four
interesting computers for foreign
markets, but apparently they won't
be available in the U.S. in the near
future. The Commodore 128D Inte-
gral Personal Computer is a varia-
tion on the 128 that separates the
keyboard from the system unit and
includes a built-in disk drive. Com-
modore says it will be available in
Europe late this year. The PCIO and
PC20 are IBM-compatible com 'out-
ers recently introduced in Europe.
The PCIO has 256K RAM and two
360K floppy disk drives; the PC20
has 512K RAM, one floppy drive,
and a ten-megabyte hard disk. And
finally, the Commodore 900 Busi-
ness Computer is a multitasking,
multiuser workstation that uses a

August 1986 COMPWTEI 15

Monster
Memory

The CD-ROM, an acronym
for Compact Disc-Read
Only Memory, is a compact
disc audio player which has been
slightly modified for general-
purpose data storage and interfaced
to a computer.

Compact disc players are the
latest rage among audiophiles. Up
to 75 minutes of digitally encoded
music can be stored in the form of
microscopic pits on a 4.7-inch rigid
plastic disc. Inserted in a special
player, the disc spins at 300 r.p.m.
while a miniature laser reads the
pits. The data is decoded by a mi-
croprocessor, then converted into
standard audio signals which are
fed into the auxiliary input or tape
monitor jacks on a stereo receiver.
The result is exceptionally pure mu-
sic of unprecedented dynamic
range and frequency response, free
of surface noise and tape hiss. Fur-
thermore, since the disc is read by a
laser, not a diamond stylus, com-
pact discs last virtually forever with
no deterioration. They can also tol-
erate rougher handling than ordi-
nary records and tapes.

But music isn't the only thing a
compact disc can store. Any type of
information can be digitized and
recorded on a disc. That includes
text, graphics, and computer pro-
grams. And the capacity is enor-
mous: A single compact disc stores
about 550 megabytes. A megabyte
equals 1,024K, so that's roughly
equivalent to 1,564 floppy disks on
an IBM PC, 3,520 disks on a Com-
modore 1541 drive, 4,022 disks on
an Apple II, 4,469 enhanced-density
disks on an Atari, or 6,400 single-
density Atari disks. They're cheap,
too: compact discs can be mass-
produced at a manufacturing cost of
a few dollars each {audio discs cur-
rently retail for about $15). Because
audio CDs and CD players are al-
ready in mass production, CD-
ROMs can debut at affordable
prices.

A compact disc is a read-only
storage medium, so you can't re-
cord data on it yourself. But CDs are
ideal for storing large databases
that don't have to be updated often.
At CES, Atari demonstrated a sam-
ple disc that contained a 23-volume,
nine-million-word encyclopedia.
The encyclopedia was transferred
to the CD from magnetic tape,
where it was stored in punchcard
format — the equivalent of 976,000
punchcards. Yet, it fits on one-
quarter of the space of a single CD.

To think of a CD simply as an
efficient way to store mass amounts
of information is to miss the point,
however. Like a floppy disk drive, a
CD player is a random-access de-
vice; it can seek and retrieve any
piece of data on the disc in a few
seconds without hunting through
the information sequentially.
Therefore, a CD-ROM can find the
slightest, most obscure fact in a
massive database in less time than
it takes you to pull a book off a shelf
and flip it open to the index.

Here's an example: Let's
say you're a student re-
searching a report on
Thomas Jefferson. On the Atari CD-
ROM, there are two ways to ap-
proach the task.

The first way is very similar to
the usual method of looking up
something in an encyclopedia.
First, you boot up the CD-ROM on
the Atari 520ST. This takes only a
few seconds. A graphics display on
the screen shows a bookshelf with a
23-volume encyclopedia. By rolling
the ST's mouse controller, you
move the screen pointer to the "J"
volume and then click the mouse
button. This brings up another
screen with a graphics picture of the
book you selected, opened to sever-
al alphabetical tab entries. You
move the pointer to the tab which
would include Jefferson — for in-

stance, Japan to Jet. Another click
calls up a screen showing all the
article titles within that section.
When you move the pointer to the
title Jefferson, Thomas and click the
button again, the computer loads
the ardcle (and several preceding
and following articles, as well) from
the CD into memory. It takes less
than four seconds for the CD-ROM
to fill the 520ST's entire 512K
RAM.

Now you can read the article
on the screen, scrolling or flipping
pages by clicking the mouse. This
method of looking up subjects is
recommended for those who aren't
familiar with computers, because it
requires almost no computer
knowledge.

The second method lakes
greater advantage of the comput-
er's power. Instead of looking up
the subject alphabetically by yank-
ing a graphics image of a book off a
shelf, you pull down a menu and
select the search screen. This screen
presents a number of options; to
keep it simple, you can just type
Thomas Jefferson at the prompt and
ask for a general search. In about
four seconds, the computer reports
how many times the phrase Thomas
Jefferson appears in the encyclope-
dia. You can flip to the first occur-
rence by clicking the mouse. Again,
in less than four seconds, the com-
puter loads the article from the CD
into memory and even highlights
your search phrase within the text.
You can flip to subsequent occur-
rences merely by clicking the
mouse button.

What makes this technique so
powerful is that the computer will
find references to Thomas Jefferson
in articles that may never have been
checked using the old-fashioned
method. The student may learn that
Jefferson was not just a politician,
but also an inventor, architect, and
connoisseur of wines. Looking up
the same references in even the
most thoroughly cross-indexed pa-
per encyclopedia would be much
more time-consuming.

When the Atari CD-ROM soft-
ware is finished, it will allow two-
dimensional searches, too. You
could look up every article that con-
tains references to Thomas Jeffer-
son and Thomas Paine, or Thomas

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Jefferson or George Washington.
Other options let you limit the
search for occurrences in adjacent
words, single paragraphs, and word
groupings of various sizes.

If you're an experienced pro-
grammer, you might be puz-
zled by the search times
described above. Even in superfast
machine language on the 520ST's
68000 microprocessor, how can the
computer search through nine mil-
lion words in less than four
seconds?

The answer is that the com-
puter can't. Instead, it refers to an
extremely sophisticated index of
search tables on the CD,

The search tables were com-
piled with a VAX minicomputer by
Activenture, Inc., the company
which is developing the CD-ROM
software for Atari. First, the VAX
built a dictionary by identifying ev-
ery unique word in the encyclope-
dia— more than 140,000 words.
Then it compiled search tables
which cross-reference the dictio-
nary to every occurrence of each
word in the encyclopedia. In con-
ventional book form, the finished

index would occupy about 20 vol-
umes. That means the index is near-
ly as long as the encyclopedia itself.

When you request a search, the
520ST simply consults the index of
search tables on the disc and rapid-
ly locates each occurrence of the
search phrase. In effect, the search-
ing has already been done for it by
the VAX.

Retrieving the information is
very fast, too, though not quite as
fast as with hard disks. Because
CDs were designed for storing mu-
sic, which is played sequentially,
their random-access capabilities are
not as good as they could be. Still,
they're much faster than most flop-
py disk drives. Data is stored on a
CD in 270,000 records containing
2,048 bytes each; the average ac-
cess time for a record is about one
second. The greatest access time —
which happens when the head
must move from an extreme outside
track to an inside track or vice
versa — is three to four seconds. To
keep this from happening very
often, data is recorded on a CD on
the inside tracks first, moving out-
ward. This takes advantage of the
CD-ROM's very rapid track-to-
track access time. To read a nearby

track, the player merely tilts a tiny
mirror to refocus the laser rather
than repositioning the entire head.
(Each track of microscopic pits is
only two microns — two millionths
of a meter — wide).

Once the information is locat-
ed, the CD-ROM feeds it to the
computer at a rate of 75 records
(150K) per second. To make sure
the data arrives without errors, the
CD-ROM's error-correction capa-
bilities have been improved over
that of a regular audio CD player.
An audio player can be expected to
pass one bad bit for every 10,000
bits — inaudible when listening to
Beethoven or the Beatles, but not
nearly good enough for computer
storage. So CD-ROMs employ an
error-checking and correction
scheme that allocates an additional
288 bytes for each 2,048-byte re-
cord. That much overhead — more
than 14 percent — would be waste-
ful on a floppy or hard disk, but
CDs have room to burn. The im-
proved error rate on a CD-ROM is
at least as good as with a hard disk:
about one bit error for every
1,000,000,000,000 to 1,000,000,
000,000,000 bits (one trillion to one
quadrillion).

Report From Summer CES Continues
Unix-compatible operating system.
Although some of these higher-
end computers will be available in
Canada, Commodore announced
no plans at present to market them
in the U.S.

Another new personal com-
puter was announced at
CES by a British company,
Amstrad, Already available in Eu-
rope, where several hundred thou-
sand units have been sold, the
Amstrad CPC6128 is scheduled to
be shipped to the U.S. later this
year.

The U.S. version of the Am-
strad has an 8-bit Z80A micro-
processor, 128K RAM, a built-in
3-inch disk drive, CP/M compati-
bility, BASIC and Logo, an expan-
sion interface, joystick port, and
stereo sound output, It comes pack-
aged in two configurations. One in-
cludes a green-screen monitor and
WordStar word processor for $699,
and the other has an RGB color
monitor, Amstrad's own word pro-
cessor, and some entertainment

18 COMPUTE1 August 1985

software for $799.

Briefly, here are some other
highlights of the Summer CES:

• Abacus Software of Grand
Rapids, Michigan announced Super
C, a C compiler for the Commodore
64 and 128. It has a full-screen edi-
tor with horizontal and vertical
scrolling and is compatible with
most other versions of C. Source
files up to 41K long can be created.

• Commodore is releasing sev-
eral titles for the 128, including/fl«e
2.0, an icon-based integrated pack-
age with a word processor, spread-
sheet, and filing manager, all of
which can be manipulated with the
mouse controller; Micro Illustrator,
a graphics drawing program for-
merly available for the 64, which
takes advantage of the 128's extra
memory and other features; and the
Perfect series for the CP/M operat-
ing system, consisting of Perfect
Writer, Perfect Caic, and Perfect
Filer. All three work in the 80-col-
umn mode, are capable of sharing
files, and have pop-up menus, split

screens, and automatic formatting
for printouts.

• Epyx, Inc. of Sunnyvale, Cali-
fornia is releasing Winter Gaines, a
sequel to Summer Games, for the 64,
Apple, and Macintosh; two new
LucasFilm games for the Atari, The
Eidolon and Koronis Rift; The World's
Greatest Football Game for the 64,
Apple, and Atari; and the Temple of
Apshai Trilogy for the 64, Apple,
Atari, Macintosh, and IBM. (Prices
will range from $19 to $35.)

• Batteries Included of Rich-
mond Hill, Ontario is releasing its
Paperclip word processor for the
Apple ($89.95) and Commodore
128 ($119.95 with SpeilPak); the Bl-
80, an 80-co!umn video adapter on
a cartridge for the Atari XL and XE
series ($79.95); an 80-column ver-
sion of Atari PaperClip for the Bl-80
($59.95); new versions of Home-
Pnk — a combination word proces-
sor, filer, and terminal program —
for the IBM PC/PCjr, Commodore
128, Apple, and Atari ST ($49.95);
an IBM version of The Consultant

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At this writing (early June),
Commodore is scheduled
to unveil its long-awaited
Amiga Lorraine computer at a press
conference in New York in late July.
Although the machine was sub-
stantially ready in June, Commo-
dore evidently kept it off the show
floor at CES to avoid stealing atten-
tion away from the Commodore
128, which was due to begin ap-
pearing on store shelves within
weeks. Nevertheless, despite un-
precedented secrecy and security,
more and more details about the
Amiga leaked out at CES press par-
ties. Also, COMPUTE! arranged a
peek at the Amiga through a help-
ful source. We learned that even
more capabilities have been added
since our first look at the computer
a year ago at the June 1984 CES (see
"Software Power! The Summer
Consumer Electronics Show," Au-
gust 1984).

The Amiga's final configura-
tion was still subject to change
before its official introduction, but
here's what it will probably include:

• Motorola 68000 microproces-
sor for the central processing unit.
This is the same 16/32-bit chip
found in the Apple Macintosh and
Atari ST series. It can address up to
16 megabytes of memory (1 mega-
byte = 1024K).

• 256K of RAM (Random Ac-
cess Memory), expandable to at
least 512K on the system unit and
more externally.

• 192K of ROM (Read Only
Memory) containing Intuition, a
Macintosh-like operating system

with pull-down menus, icons, hier-
archical disk directories, multitask-
ing, and mouse support. Unlike the
Macintosh's operating system,
however. Intuition can be manipu-
lated with keyboard controls as
well as the mouse. The keyboard,
which is attached to the Amiga sys-
tem unit with a coiled cord, in-
cludes cursor keys and a numeric
keypad.

• True multitasking. Thanks to
the high-speed 68000 and a num-
ber of dedicated chips for input/
output and other vital functions,
the Amiga can run several pro-
grams simultaneously with no ap-
parent sluggishness, even while
simultaneously accessing the disk
drive. By opening screen windows
of various sizes, you can watch all
the programs running at once. This
is an especially useful feature for
business applications — you could
simultaneously work v«th a word
processor, terminal program, data-
base manager, and spreadsheet
without stopping one program to
start another.

• A built-in double-sided 3Vi-
inch disk drive that stores about
800K per disk. These are the same
hard-shell microfloppy disks used
by the Macintosh and Atari ST se-
ries. Up to three external drives can
be added to the Amiga by daisy-
chaining.

• Custom chips for graphics
and animation. Maximum screen
resolution is 640 X 400 pixels
(screen dots), with additional
graphics modes of 640 X 200 and
320 X 200. Eighty-column text is
standard, but the display is adjust-
able to narrower widths for greater
readability on low-resolution
screens.

• Composite video/mixer input
that allows you to feed standard
video signals into the Amiga, dis-
play them on the screen, and then
superimpose the Amiga's text and
graphics. The external video source
could be a video camera, videocas-
sette recorder, videodisc player, TV
receiver, or even another computer.
The potential of this feature is excit-
ing: games and educational pro-
grams with superrealistic
backgrounds, titles for home video-
tapes, and so on. Furthermore, a
relatively low-cost peripheral
called a frame grabber lets the
Amiga digitize the incoming video
signal so it can be manipulated with
graphics utilities, stored on disk,
and even dumped to a graphics
printer.

• A palette of 4,096 colors,
more than any other general-
purpose personal computer on the
market. Up to 32 of these colors can
be displayed at once without spe-
cial tricks.

• Video outputs for TV sets,
composite color and monochrome
monitors, and high-resolution RGB
color monitors. Reportedly, the
RGB output is analog, like the Atari
ST's, so it's not compatible with
RGB monitors designed for the
Commodore 128 and IBM PC com-
puters. Analog RGB allows more
color intensity levels than IBM-type
RGB.

• An expansion port that in-
cludes every line on the system bus
for almost unlimited expansion ca-
pabilities. This could include co-
processors, such as an 8088/8086
board for IBM compatibility. Re-
portedly, the Amiga will be an
"open system." That is, to help in-
dependent hardware and software
designers access the full power of
the computer, Commodore is said
to be preparing extremely detailed
documentation on all aspects of the
Amiga for general release. One in-
sider who has seen the preliminary
documentation says it's so com-
plete you could almost build the
system from scratch using the infor-
mation it contains.

• Seven-level direct memory
access (DMA) controller. Along
with the Amiga's many dedicated
chips, this lets the machine perform
several tasks simultaneously with

20 COMPUTEI August W85

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no apparent slowdown. It also sim-
plifies things for programmers. An
independent software developer
who attended a recent Amiga sym-
posium sponsored by Commodore
in Monterey, California, told COM-
PUTE! that systems-level program-
ming on the computer is so easy
that "it's more like parameter-pass-
ing than programming. You just de-
cide what you want to do — puU
data off the disk, whatever — and
pass the appropriate parameters to
the operating system, and the OS
passes them along to the DMA con-
troller, and everything happens
during the 68000's off-phase cycle
so the machine doesn't slow down
at all." (The programmer's sympo-
sium, incidentally, was open only
to independent developers and was
sealed off by armed guards. Those
who attended had to sign a strict
nondisclosure agreement.)

• Built-in printer drivers to
dump the Amiga's bitmapped
screens onto graphics printers, in-
cluding color and inkjet printers.

• Four-voice sound chip with
stereo output. The Amiga's custom
sound chip routes two voices to
each stereo channel for high-fideli-
ty reproduction through external
stereo systems. In addition, the
sound chip is the most advanced in
any personal computer, surpassing
even the Commodore 64's SID
chip. The Amiga can closely simu-
late a wide variety of musical in-
struments, and at least a dozen
instrument sounds are built in —
such as guitar, pipe organ, cymbals,
drums, piano, and violin. Sound
envelopes (attack-decay-sustain-
release) can be modified simply by
pulling down a menu and making
selections with the pointer.

• Digital sound sampling. At

this point, it's not clear whether this
feature will be standard or optional.
Even if it's optional, however, in-
siders say it will cost much less than
anything similar now on the market
(the least expensive high fidelity
samplers now cost around $2,000).
Digital sound sampling lets you
feed sound from an external source
into a computer, convert it to digital
format, and then play it back, modi-
fy the waveforms, or store it on
disk. With this capability, program-
mers and musicians no longer have
to spend hours trying to simulate a
musical instrument or sound ef-
fect— they can just feed the sound
directly into the computer from a
record player, tape deck, micro-
phone, or instrument, and then ma-
nipulate it at will. In fact, some
Amiga software developers are tak-
ing this approach to cut down de-
velopment time.

• Built-in speech synthesis. The
operating system includes a speech
program with text-to-speech con-
version. Since this is a standard fea-
ture that requires no extra
hardware, you can expect many
programs to take advantage of the
Amiga's speech capabilities — in-
cluding programs written by home
users. COMPUTE! has heard the
Amiga talk, and its pronunciation
was more understandable than
most speech synthesizers now
available for personal computers.

• BASIC programming lan-
guage. Unlike the Macintosh, the
Amiga will come with a language
for those who want to write their
own programs, but it's unclear at
this point if BASIC will be built into
ROM or loaded from disk into
RAM. Pascal and C compilers will
be available soon after the comput-
er's release. A 68000 assembler also

will be offered, but it may not be as
popular as assemblers on the cur-
rent generation of personal com-
puters— the compilers are so fast
that few programmers are using
machine language. One software
developer says he has yet to see a
single program written for the
Amiga in machine language.

• Hard disk oprion. Although
Commodore is said to have no im-
mediate plans for a hard disk drive,
an independent company known
for its IBM peripherals is rumored
to be preparing a hard disk with 10
to 20 megabytes of storage. This
would probably interface to the ex-
pansion port.

Tf you take the word of those
who have worked with the
Amiga, it is the most power-
ful personal computer ever assem-
bled. In terms of performance, they
say it's more than a match for any
business-oriented machine now on
the market, and has the advanced
graphics and sound features de-
manded by home users as well. But
how much will it cost?

At the Monterey symposium.
Commodore reportedly told devel-
opers that the Amiga would be sold
with an RGB monitor and some
software for about $2,000. Since
then, however. Commodore has
encountered some negative reac-
tion to that figure. Many observers
think a lower price is necessary to
dramatically undercut the Macin-
tosh and IBM PC, and also to com-
pete with the Atari ST series for a
larger share of the intermediate-
priced market. At CES, rumor had
the price ranging anywhere from
$1,300 to $1,900, possibly without
an RGB monitor.

Report From Summer CES Continues

database manager ($99.95); Battery-
Pak, a seven-function desktop ac-
cessory for the Macintosh ($49.95);
and literature Challenge: Introduc-
tion to Shakespeare, an educational
program for the Apple, Commo-
dore 64, and IBM PC ($29.95). In
addition. Batteries Included an-
nounced a new line of integrated
programs for the Atari ST, Com-
modore Amiga, and MS-DOS com-
puters with GEM. Called the IS
line, all the programs will have

Macintosh-like graphics in color
and a number of powerful features.
The first program. Portfolio, is for
stock management and will be re-
leased for the IBM PC and Atari ST
this fall ($249,95 for the IBM). Oth-
ers in the series will be a word
processor with built-in spelling
checker, a spreadsheet and graphics
package, and a database manager.

• Br0derbund Software of San
Rafael, California announced three

new programs to work with The
Print Shop, its popular printer utili-
ty. They are The Print Shop Graphics
Library: Disk One, The Print Shop
Graphics Library: Disk Tuw, and The
Print Shop Companion. Other new
programs are Bank Street Filer and
Baiik Street Mailer, sequels to the
Bank Street Writer word processor;
and Fantavision, a special-effects
generator for the Apple that uses
animation technology adapted
from the movie industry. ©

22 COMPUTEI August 1985

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Covering the best available investment software for the IBM
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Mapping the Atari, Revised

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This classic source book for users of the Atari 400 and 800
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The Beginners Page

Tom Q. Halfhiil, Editor

FOR-NEXT Loops, Part 4

Over the past few columns, we've
covered some of the useful tech-
niques possible with the FOR-
NEXT statement. Even if
FOR-NEXT could do nothing else
than what we've demonstrated, it
would be indispensable. Fortunate-
ly, it can do still more — and all it
takes is an optional keyword, STEP.
With STEP, you can construct
"long-legged" loops and counters
by varying the step size by which
the counter variable is incremented.
You can even make FOR-NEXT
loops that count backivard. For the
sake of illustration, let's say you
want to print out all the odd num-
bers less than 100. Without a FOR-
NEXT loop, you could take this
approach:

10 x=l

20 PRINT X

30 X = X-l-2

40 IF X<100 THEN 20

The alternative is a little shorter and
easier to follow:

10 FOR X = l TO 100 STEP 2
20 PRINT X
30 NEXT X

Without the STEP option in
the FOR statement at line 10, this
program would just print all the
numbers from 1 to 100 because the
counter variable X would be incre-
mented by one during each pass
through the loop, as usual. STEP 2
simply tells the computer to incre-
ment the counter variable X by two
during each pass through the loop.
That is, when the loop begins, X
equals 1. After the first pass, X
equals 3. After the second pass, X
equals 5, and so on.

No Cause For Alarm

Interestingly, although the FOR
statement in line 10 tells the com-
puter to count from 1 to 100, the
counter variable X actually reaches
101. You can verify this by typing
PRINT X and pressing RETURN or

ENTER after the program finishes.
The computer reports the final val-
ue of X is 101. But don't be
alarmed — the computer isn't being
disobedient. Although the final
STEP 2 increases X from 99 to 101,
the computer still performs only 50
loops, since the upper limit speci-
fied in the FOR statement is 100
and we're stepping by twos. The
program works the same if you
change line 10 to FOR X = l TO 99
STEP 2.

For even more flexibility, the
STEP option lets you loop in steps
of any increment, including frac-
tions and negative numbers. All of
the following FOR statements are
valid:

FOR X-1 TO 1000 STEP 10
FOR X = 15 TO 25 STEP 0.5
FOR X = 100 TO 1 STEP -1
FOR X = l TO 0 STEP 0.1

It may not be immediately ap-
parent why you'd want to make
such strange-looking loops. Mathe-
matical operations are one typical
application, but beyond that it's
hard to generalize. This kind of
loop is generally used to solve cer-
tain programming problems. For
instance, to make a musical note
decay on an Atari, you could gradu-
ally reduce the volume parameter
of the SOUND statement with a
backward loop (FOR X=15 TO 0
STEP -1: SOUND 0,200,10,X:
NEXT X), If the note decays too
quickly, you could slow it down by
reducing the volume by smaller
steps (STEP -0.5 or STEP -0.2)
rather than embedding a second
delay loop.

As you write more programs
and use FOR-NEXT loops more
often, eventually it will come to you
in a flash that a fractional- or
backward-stepping loop is exactly
the solution to your problem.

BASIC Variations

FOR-NEXT statements don't follow

the same rules on all computers, so
you might need to consult your
BASIC manual. In general, Micro-
soft BASICs (built into Commodore
computers, the Apple, IBM, and
others) let you omit the variable
name from the NEXT statement if
you want to. Instead of entering
NEXT X you can just type NEXT.
This makes the loop run faster. You
can also close nested loops in
Microsoft BASIC with a statement
such as NEXT Z,Y,X instead of
NEXT Z:NEXT Y:NEXT X or NEXT:
NEXT:NEXT. (These options are
not available in TI BASIC or Atari
BASIC.)

Try to avoid jumping out of
FOR-NEXT loops with GOTO and
GOSUB statements. It's considered
bad programming form, partly be-
cause it makes the program hard to
follow. Besides that, a program that
repeatedly exits loops v«th GOTO
or GOSUB before the loops are fin-
ished can eventually cause some
computers to crash with an out-of-
memory error or the like. A few
versions of BASIC have a special
statement that lets you exit a loop
with GOTO or GOSUB without
causing any problems. In Atari
BASIC the statement is POP; it's
not available in Microsoft BASIC.

Almost all BASICs require the
counter variable in a FOR-NEXT
loop to be an ordinary numeric
variable; array variables and integer
variables are not allowed. An ex-
ception is IBM BASIC, which does

permit integer variables.

0

24 COMPUTEI August 1 985

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Saves up to 300% faster than normal (with extended
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Makes your 1541 MORE RELIABLE and LESS PRONE
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STARDOS is fully expandable for multiple fast
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• Easy (5 minute) plug in installation. User friendly
manual

' 100% compatible with software and serial bus
peripherals

• Adds years of life to your disks and drive in
['educed wear

• Cures a number of bugs in the Commodore 64 and 1 541
disk drive including :

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The Editor lock-up bug

Harness the full power of your disk dnve with the
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Lock/unlock files and protect/unprotect disks from
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Powerful sector editor allows direct viewing of diskette
Upgrades computer and drive to the latest Commodore
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Instant access to the built in mini-wordprocessor
for short notes and memos
Built in copier copies all file types (even relative)
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- Built in disk duplicator copies an entire diskettte
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Computers and Society

David D. Thornburg. Associote Editor

Compilers, Interpreters,
And Flow: Part 2

Last month I argued that one of the
reasons Logo isn't used for serious
appUcations programming is be-
cause it's not generally available as
a compiler. I'm not suggesting that
programmers shouldn't have inter-
preters— they should. However, I
am suggesting that the ideal pro-
gramming environment might in-
clude an interpreter for writing and
testing programs, and a compiler so
the completed (and mostly de-
bugged) programs can execute
much faster.

There are many fine Logo in-
terpreters on the market, but — as
this is written — only one Logo
compiler: ExperLogo from Expertel-
ligence (for the Apple Macintosh).
To illustrate the difference between
these two Logo environments, let's
examine a program that uses recur-
sion to create a fractal "sponge." (If
you're interested in programming
fractals, by the way, you might
want to explore the subject further
in two of my books. Discovering
Apple Logo and Beyond Turtle
Graphics, both published by
Addison- Wesley.)

Here's how the program is
vmtten with an interpreter, Apple
Logo 11, running on a 128K Apple
lie or lie:

to sponge:size:liDiit
if:size <;limit [forward;size stop]
5po^ge^size/3;limit
left 60

sponge;size/3:liniit
left 60

sponge:size/3:liinit
right 120

sponge:size/3:liinit
right 120
. sponge:size/3:Iimit
left 60

sponge:size/3:limit
left 60

sponge:size/3:litnit
end

Once this procedure has been
entered, it can be executed by enter-

ing its name with the appropriate
values chosen for the variables. For
example, the basic motif for the
curve can be seen by entering:

right 90
sponge 81 81

To see a more detailed level of
this curve, we could clear the screen
and enter:

right 90
sponge 81 3

With the Logo interpreter, this

picture takes 223 seconds to com-
plete. However, as soon as the pro-
gram is written it can be executed;
there is no time delay before the
program starts to run.

Interactive Rhythms

To write this program in ExperLogo,
you enter the same source code into
an edit window on the Macintosh
screen. Then the code is selected
and compiled. The compilation
time for this program is 19 seconds
on a 128K Macintosh (faster on a
Fat Mac with 512K).

Once the program is compiled,
it can be executed with the com-
mands shown above. The compiled
program draws the picture in 7 sec-
onds— more than 30 times faster
than the interpreted Logo. Of
course, the compiled program exe-
cutes faster partly because it's run-
ning on a 16/32-bit computer

rather than on an 8-bit computer;
but, as users of Macintosh BASIC
will attest, interpreters can run
slowly even on the Macintosh.

Is the speed gain important?
For small programs, it may not be.
But humans are funny creatures.
We have certain rhythms in our
interactions with each other and
with our machines. If our technol-
ogy is not operating at our pace, we
become frustrated. For example,
even though most photocopy ma-
chines operate pretty quickly, the
perceived difference between a
copier that takes 10 seconds for a
copy and one that takes only 2 sec-
onds is quite large. Those 8 seconds
are just long enough to destroy the
sense of flow.

In the case of computer pro-
grams we use every day, this sense
of flow is even more important.
When experimenting with graphic
images such as those shown above,
the sense of interactivity — of being
able to tinker with the curves — is
lost when each picture can take sev-
eral minutes to create.

The Logo compiler from Ex-
pertelligence is most welcome,
since it allows programmers to
write commercially useful software
with a powerful language — a lan-
guage that in its interpreted form is
often perceived as just a tool for
children to draw pretty pictures.

Next month. 111 show that just
as a compiler has made Logo a
much more useful language, an in-
terpreter is having the same effect
on a language for which compilers
are the norm — Pascal.

Thornburg welcomes letters
from readers, but regrets that he
cannot always provide personal an-
swers. Correspondence should be
sent in care of COMPUTE!. ©

26 COMPITFEI August 1985

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On the Road With Fred D'Ignazio

Fred D'Ignazio, Associate Editor

Buying The Right
Educational Software

What types of educational software
are people buying? What kind of
software do they need?

In the opinion of many educa-
tors, the most important use of the
computer as a learning tool lies in
improving students' thinking skills
through the use of programming
languages like Logo; simulations
and builder kits like The Whatsit
Corporation (Sunburst) and Opera-
tion: Frog (Scholastic); microworlds
like Rocky's Boots and Robot Odyssey
I (The Learning Company); and
problem-solving software like The
Pond, SemCalc, The Factory, and
Geometric Supposer (Sunburst).

But the sales of these products
are dwarfed by the sales of drill and
practice programs and learning
games. A quick glance at a recent
Billboard chart of the ten best-
selling educational packages shows
that eight of them are drill and
practice programs and the remain-
ing two are learning games. Of the
drill and practice programs, two
teach how to type, three teach basic
math skills, two help students prac-
tice for the SAT college-entry exam,
and one teaches basic vocabulary
and spelling skills.

A look at TESS (The Educa-
tional Software Selector), published
by the Educational Products Infor-
mation Exchange and the Consum-
ers Union, shows the same
dominance of drill and practice pro-
grams. Of the 7,000 programs listed
in TESS, almost 70 percent are drill
and practice programs, and only 8.3
percent are simulation and problem-
solving programs. (For more infor-
mation about TESS, write to EPIE,
P.O. Box 839, Water Mill, NY
11976.)

Most experts in educational
computing have been critical of
drill and practice programs for
years. And most experts agree that

problem-solving and simulation
software is the most challenging
and interesting software for anyone
learning on a computer. If this is
true, why are companies producing
so much drill and practice software?
And, more importantly, why do
people prefer it?

Wary Adults

The answer is that most parents
(and many teachers) are not ready
for new kinds of software that teach
new skills in new, unfamiliar ways.
They don't understand how the
programs work or what they're
supposed to teach, or why it's im-
portant, and they don't see where
the programs fit into their chil-
dren's learning. And since they
don't see a need for the programs,
they don't buy them.

This is a natural reaction. For
most people, computers are still a
strange, almost alien, new medium.
Many parents are still uncomfort-
able having a computer in their
home. And many teachers, too, feel
privately fearful of computers.
They see the computer as a threat —
a means to automate them out of a
job, The more the computer's role
in the classroom grows, the more
they see their own role being
eroded.

In addition, problem-solving
and thinking-skill software is an
unfamiliar, new application of com-
puters. We have a new medium
(computers) trying to teach 'new
concepts (logic and thinking skills)
using new methods (microworlds,
simulations, etc.). This is too much
novelty for the average consum-
er— whether that consumer is a
parent or a school system. As a
result, most consumers are buying
drill and practice programs and
learning games because at least this
way they see the computer teaching
practical, necessary, and familiar
skills — using a nonthreatening, un-
derstandable approach. And in the

classroom, since the skills are famil-
iar, the programs that teach them
are more easily integrated into a
teacher's lesson plan and curricu-
lum. A program that teaches a child
some spelling words can slip effort-
lessly into a curriculum, but what
does a teacher do with a program
that teaches a child how to think?
For the present, most parents
will be buying and using drill and
practice software and learning
games, and ignoring problem-
solving and simulation software.
Does this mean that companies
should stop producing these more
challenging, yet less successful pro-
grams? Hardly. Instead, educators
and software companies need to
launch a major effort to communi-
cate to parents and teachers the im-
portance of the new kinds of
software. To do this, software com-
panies must demonstrate to parents
and teachers why learning these
skills is important, and how the
software fits into their children's
learning curriculum. Q

28 COMPUTEI August 1985

For Commodore owners, the latest
collections from COMPUTE! Books

COMPUTERS Commodore Collection, Volume 1

Twenty-eight original programs for ttie VIC and 64

Edited

The Commodore Collection, an anthology of 28 previously
unpublished programs for the \/IC-20 and Commodore 64,
continues the COIVIPUTEI tradition of proctical programs in
easy-to-use form. Includes exciting games, stimulating
educational programs, valuable utilities, and useful applica-
tions to make your Commodore computer an exciting part
of every day.

$12.95 ISBN 0-942386-55-8

COMPUTEPs

ommodore

Collection

LOLUME TWO

ot£i pfogrcHTimirg cKte ton
boJh fha w:-3Q otkS the
""" Commooc<e 64-

i

■

icoMPunrs

ri

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rCoHec

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^^^^b '» )A9 VIC ax

collora. ana uWfies (a Ifie
.,.;■ VC-20 and CcitVTKxfne «

i_ ,

■:

COMPUTERS Commodore Collection, Volume 2

Programs for the VIC and 64

Edited

Exciting games, sophisticated applications, versatile educa-
tional routines, and helpful programming aids for the VIC-20
and Commodore 64 highlight this second volume in COM-
PUTEI's Commodore Collection series. Included are some of
the best articles and programs from recent issues of COM-
PUTE! Qr\6 COMPUTEI's Gazette, as well as many programs
published here for the first time. Designed for Commodore
computer users of all levels, it's a book that every VIC or 64
owner will want to have.

$12.95 ISBN 0-942386-70-1

To charge your order, call toll free 800-334-0868 or send In this
coupon with your payment to COMPUTEl Books, P.O. Box 5058,
Greensboro, NO 27403.

Please add $2.00 shipping and handling per copy ordered,

n Payment enclosed (check or money order)

D Charge: D Visa D MasterCard D American Express

Account No „Exp, Date

Signature

Name

Address .
City

Please oliow A-t weeks fof Oe^ive^y.

state

-Zip

_ copies of COMPUTEI's
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Lotus Jazz.................. ........CALL

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Microsoft Business Pah $375.00

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1025 Dot Matrix Printer S199.99

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Toucti Tablet 564.99

7097 Atari Logo $69.99

4018 Pilot (Home) $57.99

5049 VisiCalc $49.99

4011 Star Raiders $12,99

4022 Pacr^an $16.99

6036 Atari Writer $79,99

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Axlon 32K $39,99

Anion 48K {4001.,-.,. $69,99

Axlon 128K $269,99

Microbils 64K (800) $109,00

Bit 3 Full View 80 S229,00

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Commodore Plus 4 $199,00

CBM 64 $149.00

C1541 Disk Drive ...$199.00

C1530 Dataselte $39.99

M-aOl Dot llflatrix Printer S1B9.00

M-802 Dot Matrix/Serial $219.00

llflCS 803 Dot Matrix $179.00

C1802 Color Monitor $199.00

C1660 Auto Modem $59.99

DPS 1101 Daisy Printer S339.00

Professional Software

Fleet System II w/SpelU $49.99

Trivia Fever $29 99

Word Pro 4 Plus/5 Plus eacti... $239.0?

Into Pro 3179.00

Administrator $399.00

Power $69.99

File (64| $59,99

Report (64) $49 99

Precision Software

Superbase 64 $54.99

BA-TTERIESi

MCLUOO?

Paperclip w/Spell Pack $79,99

The Consultant DBMS $69,99

Bus Card II $139,00

80 Col Display $139,00

Wtrm HEWLETT
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41CV $189,99

41CX $249,99

HP 718 $419,99

HP lie -,-,362.99

HP 12C;i5C/lSC $39.99

HP 75D $999.99

HPIL Module $98.99

HPIL Cassette or Printer $359.99

Card Reader $143.99

Extended Function Module $63.99

Time Module $63.99

We stock the full line sf
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1V£C

PC-S401 CALL

PC-8201 Portable Computer... .5289.00

PC-8231 Disk Drive S599.00

PC-8221A Thermal Printers SK900

PC-82B1A Data Recorder $99.99

PC.B201.06 SK RAM Chips S10500

SHARP

PC-1350 5159.99

PC-126t $159.99

PC-1260 5109.99

PC-1500A $165.99

PC-1250A $88.99

CE-125 PfinterfCassette $128.99

CE-150 Color Primer Cassette.5171.99
CE-161 16K RAM S134.99

DRIVES

■BWWH

HARD

PC Slor CALL

IDLA.<itDci:iIts

5 meg Removable/Internal $1399.00

10 meg Fixed/Internal $1249.00

16 meg 5 Hemovable/10 Fixed52149.00
25 meg 5 Removable/20 Fixe(1S2499.00

10 IVteg Bernoulli Box S2099.00

20 meg aernoulli Box $2599.00

5 meg "MacNoulli" $1599.00

TAUOSAIS
TiCHNOLOOIES

12. 2S. 35. 50. 80 meg (PC)
from $1499-00

FLOPPY

INDUS

Apple GT 5209.00

Alan GT -,..- $239.00

C-64 GT $259.00

EE3I

A1 5 Aople 5199.00

A2 Apple - 5199-00

SDl C-54 Single $219 00

SD2 C-64 Dual $469.00

■■ndan

320KSV4" (PC) $119.00

Pume

320K SVj" $99.99

ACCESSORIES

KEVTRONICS

KB5150. 5151, KB5152B, KB6153CflLL
5151 Jt . 5149 Jr CALL

MEMORY CHIPS

4164 nPM Cttips {ea.)$i.99

Pronounce
Speech Input System $399.00

MODEMS

Anchor

Volksmodem 559.99

Volksmodem XII $189 99

(.lark IL Serial $79.99

Mark VII (Auto Ans/Aulo Dial). .599 99
Mark XII (1200 Baud) $259.00

HlHayes

Smarimodem 300 $145.00

Smarimodem 1200 $389.00

Smarimodem 1200B $359.00

Smarimodem 2400 $099.00

Micromodem II© $249.00

Smart Com II $89,99

Chronograph 5199.00

Transei 1000 CALL

Reach 12C[) Baud Half Card, ,5399.00

mpp miCROBITS

MPP-1000E AD/AA (Atari) $79.99

MPP-10B4 AD/AA (C-64) $69.99

[Novation^

Smart Cat Plus $319.00

J-Cat $99 99

Smart Cat 103/212 .....$369.00

Novation 2400 CALL

212 AutoCal II $499.00

Apple Cat II, -.,.„. 5229,00

2ia Apple Cat II , $379,00

Apple Cat 212 Upgrade $229,00

Macmodem $319,00

OUADRAM
Ouadmodem II

300/1200 5339,00

300/1200/2400 $499-00

TELELEARNIHa
C64 300 Baud (Cioseout) $39,00

ZT-l r^m 5339.00

ZT-10 $309.00

ZT-ll 5369.00

Z-22 Video Daia Terminal 5529.00

maxell.

3Vi" SS/DD 539.99

3Vi" DS/DD $54,99

5V)" MD-1 w/Hardcase 317,99

5'/i'' MD-2 w/HardcasB 323,99

5Vi" MD-2-HD tor AT $44,99

i" Verbaiim.

S'A" SS/DD 321,99

SVa" DS(DD $29.99

Disk Analyzer 524.99

Elephant S'/i" SS/SD $13.99

Elephant 5yi" SS/DD $15,99

Elephant 5Vj" DS/DD $16,99

Elephant EMSP 5V4" $24,99

m

5'/a" Disk Head Cleaner $14,99

DISK HOLDERS

INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS

Flip-in-File 10 53,99

Flip-in-Flle 60 $17,99

Flip-m-Flle SO w/lock $24 99

Flip-in-File (400/800 ROM) $11 99

AMARAY

50 DtsR Tub 5V4" ,,59,99

30 Disk Tub 3Vi" ,58 99

^M^S

GRAPHICS

<;PllQBla

IBM $89,99

Apple/Franklin $79,99

■PotafDtd

Palette $129900

DO Grem --„..S129.00

M Amtisr S139.D0

10 Amber IBM-Plug $169.00

olor 300 Composite S239.00

Olor 500 Composile/RGB 3389.00

olor 600 Hi-Res (640x240) 3399.00

olor 700 Hi-Hes (720x240) S499.0D

olor 710 Long Phosphor 3579.00

2" Amber/(3reen Composile S99.99

2" Ambsr/Green TTL (Ba.)S1 19.00

NEC

3 1260 Greer S59.99

3 12Q1J120S (ea.) S99.99

3 1270 Green 3139.00

3 1275 Amber 3149,00

3 1230 3 TTU12a5 A TTL 5149.00

Z 1460 Color 3269.00

Z 1410 RGB S669.00

PRINCETDN

1AX-12E Amber 3189.00

IX-9 9" RGB $469.00

IX.9E Enhanced $519.00

IX-12 12" RGB $469.00

IX-12E Enhanced $559.00

.R-12 Hi-Res $699.00

.R-12 P Enhanced $649.00

15 12" Green Mono $119.00

16 ^2^^ Amber Mono S1 19.00

21 Green TTL $139.00

22 Amber TTL S149.00

30 Mett-Res RGB S299.00

20 Hi-Res RGB (IBM) 5429,00

40 Ultra Hi-Res RGB 3589,00

400 Quadchrome I S479.0O

410 Quachrome II $429,00

420 Amberchrome $179,00

500 Quad Screen 31499,00

VM 122/123 379,99

VM 124 IBM Amber 3149.00

VM 130 Color $269.00

VM 131 Color $279.00

VM 133 RGB $429.00

VM 135 RGB/Color $459.00

VM 136 RGB/Color $699.00

220, 1230. 1240 CALL

MMpfOCTKAL

iraphcard.. ~. $79.99

eriall Card $99.99

licrobufler II -l- 3169.00

licrobulter 32K $189.00

licrofazer from 3139.00

lajer (Epson) from $79.99

^Orange micro

rrappler CO (C64) $99.99

Tappler + (Apple) S39.99

rappler IBK* (Apple) 3159.00

DIGITAL DEVICES

pe Face (Alan).... $49.99

-Prim A (Atari) ,..$54,99

-Ai6/BuHer (Atari) $74.99

-Call Inierface (Atari) S39.99

-Prim C (C64) $49.99

■16 Pnnt Buffer $74.99

mpp miCROBITS

IB1150 Parallel (Atari) 379,99

IPP-11S0 Parallel (Atari) $69.99

IP-nSOXL (Alari 1200XL) 369.99

NcroStuffer 64K Prim Butter.. .3109,00

INTERFACES

PRINTERS

AT-IOO Atari Interface Primer.. .5139.00

AT.5B0 Atari Dual Mode 3249.00

GP-lOO Parallel Interlace S1B9.00

GP-700 Color Printer ,. 3449.00

GP560 Parallel Printer S239.00

Elite 5 Letter Quality 3239.00

Elite 5 C64 Interface 3249.00

Penman 3-pen 3289.00

^CITIZEN

MSPIO (80 co!-> 5349.00

MSP-15 (132 col.) $499.00

MSP.20 (80 col.) 3489.00

MSP-25 (132 col) $679.00

CITCDH

Prowriler 7500 5219.00

Prcwriler 8510P 3299.00

Prowriier 8510 NLQ $329.00

Prowriter 1550P $469.00

F10-40P Siarwriler $669.00

F10-55 Prinlmastar $1049.00

Prowriter B51Q.NLQ S329.00

.'M»->.T.!r':^"'

ComWntefll Letter Quality 3399.00

corona

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DIABLO

D25 Daisywheel $599.00

630-109 Daisywheel, 31749.00

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d*isywriter

2000 3749.00

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Homewriter 10 CALL

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NEC

8027 Transportable - 3299.00

2000 Series 3699,00

3000 Series $1099.00

8000 Series $1499,00

ELF 360,. $449.00

OKIDATA

84, 182, 192, 193. 2410 ...CALL

Okiraale 10 (Specily C64/Atarl)$ 199.00
Okicnate 20 (IBM) CALL

OLYMPIA

Needlepoini Dot Matri* $299,00

Compact RO $339,00

Compact 2 $369.00

Panasonic

KX1090 $199-00

KX1091 3279.00

KX1092 3409 00

KX1093..... 3599.00

Quadjet 3399.00

SiSilYER-REED

500 Letter Quality $279.00

550 Letter Quality $419.00

770 Letter Quality $759.00

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1340 (80 column) $599.00

P351 (132 column) 31299,00

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2220 Dual Portable $1499.00

4220 Dual Desktop $1399.00

4620 10 meg Desktop $2299.00

Safari (7300) CALL

630O CALL

SOFTWARE FOR IBM

Electronic Desk 3199.00

.\SHTON-TATEB

Framework 3399.00

dBase II $299.00

dBase III 3389-00

BBORUUID

Turbo Pascal 3.0 349.99

Sidekick 339.99

h^hI£LECTRONlC ARTS'

Get Organized , S69.99

Cul -n- Paste 339.99

Music Construction $29.99

One on- One 329.99

Financial Cookbook $34.99

# 1 ku-Auni Soi'tw-aiic Iiic.

Harvard Project [.Manager $20900

Total Project Manager $269,00

Human Edge™

Communication Edge , 399 99

Management Edge,... „. 3119 00

Negotiation Edge $139 00

Sales Edge 311900

IMSI
PC PaintbruBti $94,99

• Lotus

Symphony.,. .,. 3439,00

1-2-3 $309 00

■WH MicnPtti

WordStar 2000 $249,00

WordSlar 2000-1- 3319,00

MCROSOFT.

Flight Simulator 339.99

MultiPlan $129.00

Crosstalk $89.99

RlBase 4000 3249.00

RlBase 5000 3399.00

Clout 20 $129.00

MoItiMate

Muiti Mate., rr.rr™ !^ 3249,00

I 1 l^^iyjtH

PeachPack (GUAP/AR) 5199,00

^*

IBM/APPLE

Access (NEW) 379.99

Wriie/Graph/File/Plari (ea).S79.99

Report 374.99

Proof 359.99

Mac Software CALL

Professional Software

PC Plus/The Boss $249,00

SOFTWARE GROUP

Enable.... 3369.00

Accounting SORIUM/IUS

AP/AR(GL/lfJV/OE (ea).S295 00

Supercalc III 3195 00

EasyWnief II Sysiem $195.00

Super Project $195.00

SPI

Open Access.. ..r7... $379.00

SSI Software

Word Perfect 3239.00

File Manager (IBM),.,".". 339.99

THOUQHTWARE

Trigger $289.00

Sell. Sell, Sell

Training $299.00

Application $179.00

PC-151-21 Single Desktop CALL

PC-151-52 Dual Desktop CALL

PC-151-53 to meg Desktop CALL

PC-161-21 Single Portable CALL

PC-161-52 Dual Portable CALL

Z-200 (AT) CALL

171 (Portable) .ts. CALL

.i>5^::

148 (DeskTop).-

AT

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corona

PPC400 Dual Portable $1799.00 I

PPCXT 10 meg Portable $239900

PC40022 10 meg Desktop 51999.00 |

@ SANVO

MBC 550-2 Single Drive 3699.00 I

MBC 555-2 Dual Drive 3969,00 j

MBC 775 Portable 31799.00 1

MBC 511 10 meg CALL

MBC 675 Portable CALL I

NBC aaO Desktop CALL

MULTIFUNCTION CARDS

AST

Six Pack Plus 3239.00 I

Mega Plus II 3269.00

I/O Plus II 3139.00

Advantage.AT 3399. (»

Graph Pak $599 00

Monograph Plus $399,00

Preview Mono..... .......3299.00

PC Net Cards 3379.00

5251/11 On-lihB 3799.00

5261/12 Remote 3579.00

3780 Emulation Card $639.00

BSC Bisync 3489.00

IRMA 3270 $879.00

IRMA Prim 3999.00

easLE

Mono Card (Closeout) $99.99

EVEREX

Color Card (Graphics Edge) 3299.00

Magic Card SJ99.00

HERCULES

Graphics $299,00

Color 3159,00

fDEAmax - ZPR, 64K, C, S, P.S229.00

IDEAmini - YPH. C, S. P 3189.00

IDEAminimax - MPR 12eK.. 3229,00

IDEAshare Software $219,00

IDEA 5251 3699,00

MYLEX

The Chairman $489,00

PARADISF

Modular Graphics Card 3274,00

MuUi Display Card 5289,00

Five Pack C, S ..,3159,00

PLANTRONICS

Color Plus $369,00 |

Captain - 64 $239,00

Captain Jf. ISBK 3339.00

Graphics Master 3469.00

Quadport-AT 3119.00

Ouadmeg - AT (128K) $349,00

The Gold Ouadboafd $449.00

The Silver Ouadboard,. $239,00

Expanded Ouadboard $219.00

Quad 512 -f $229.00

Liberty $309.00

OuadSprint 3499.00

OuadLink $399.00

Quadcolor 1,... $199.00

QuadJr. Expansion Chassis $469.00

Expansion Chassis Memory.,.. 3199.00

Ouadmem. Jr S199.00

Chronagraph 379.99

Parallel Interface Board 364.99

'S>00^

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(D

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PLUGS INTO USER PORT.
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Software Best Sellers

This Last
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intdrtalnment ,

TIHtt

Publlthftr

Remark*

3,
2,

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Flight Simulator tt
The Hitchhiker's Guide

To The Galaxy
Flight Simulator
F- 1 5 Strike Eagle
Sumrrrer Games II

SubLogic Aircraft simulation

Infocom Comic adventure strategy

gome
Microsoft Aircraft simulation

MicroProse Air combat simulation

Epyx Action sports game

I

Education _

1. 3.

2.
3.

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2.

New Improved
MasferType
Typing Tutor III
Math Blasterl

5. Early Games
4. WordAttackl

Scarborough

Simon & Schuster
Davidson

Springboard

Davidson

Home Managemont ,

Typing instruction program

Typing instruction program
Introductory math program,
ages 6-12
Educational games, ages 2-6

Word meaning ond usage
program, grades ^-12

1.
2.

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Print Shop

Print Shop Graphics

Library
Bank Street Writer
HomePak

Broderbund
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Sroderbund Word Processor

Batteries Included Word processing,

telecommunicatslons, & data

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zopyrlgti) f PS5 by Billboard Publlcallans, Inc. Compiled by the Billboard Sesearch Departmeryt cind reptlnf^ by permlalon. Data as of 6/OS/SS.
32 COMPUTEI AuQuSt 1985

E
o

z

m

o

c
o

o
Z

Telecomputing Today

Arian P. Levitan

SIGs: Behind The Scenes

It appears that 1985 is rapidly be-
coming a banner year for electronic
Special Interest Groups (SIGs). Un-
fortunately, rapid growth is not
without its problems.

Electronic SIGs (also known as
discussion forums) are like comput-
erized clubs where people with a
common interest get together on-
line to exchange information, ideas,
comments, complaints, and public
domain computer programs. Usually
they are operated by commercial
information services such as
CompuServe. Besides computer-
oriented SIGs, there are groups for
doctors, lawyers, educators, and
other professionals, not to mention
enthusiasts of travel, cooking, liter-
ature, rock 'n' roll, politics, human
sexuality, skiing, and ham radio.
There are SIGs for every taste, and
new ones are added every day.

SIGs are usually divided into
three areas. The most active area is
a message system subdivided into
several sections by topic where us-
ers can read and leave messages.
The oldest messages are overwrit-
ten when a new message is added,
so each message tends to have a life
of a week or less.

Each topic section also has a
file access database where impor-
tant messages may be stored more
permanently as text files, and
where users leave free copies of
public domain software.

Finally, each SIG also has a
conference area so online users can
exchange messages in an immedi-
ate mode. Everything you type ap-
pears on the screens of others
participating in the conference.

Online Bucks

SIGs generate extra income for
information services because they
encourage more online usage. But
how valuable are SIGs to an infor-
mation service's bottom line?

Frankly, most SIGs generate only a
modest amount of revenue, and
some don't break even. There are,
however, a significant number of
SIGs that are monstrous hits, large-
ly due to the work of their sysops
(system operators). In fact, each of
the top SIGs generates well over a
million dollars a year! That can
mean big bucks for the head sysop.
It's not uncommon to find the sys-
op (or company sponsoring the
SIG) pulling down at least 5 percent
of the gross — $50,000 a year or
more. The assistant sysops general-
ly work for "fame and glory" and
get free time on the SIG for their
efforts.

Although SIGs used to be the
sole province of CompuServe, the
revenues that they've been pulling
in lately have prompted Delphi,
The Source, and other services to
get into the act. And the competi-
tion is just beginning to heat up.
The lure of substantial amounts of
SIG-generated money can do funny
things to people.

For example, the entire staff of
the Commodore SIG on one service
recently jumped ship and set up
shop with a competitor. The defec-
tion wasn't a secret — the sysops
used the SIG message base to let
members know where they had
gone. And within the last year, the
head sysop of another popular SIG
had to contend with a palace coup
staged by his assistant sysops. After
the smoke cleared, there were two
SIGs instead of one — a SIG headed
by the original sysop and another
by the rebels. Keeping the SIG
peace might soon be a job for the
United Nations.

Fortunately, most SIGs are
very well run and perform a valu-
able function, acting as information
clearinghouses. But as useful as
they may be, there's no point in
paying through the nose to enjoy
the benefits of regular involvement

in a SIG. Here are some general tips
that can help you save money
when participating in a SIG.

Be Selective

Don't try to read every new item in
the message area. Many of the more
popular SIGs can turn over a thou-
sand messages or more in three or
four days. Pick one or two sections
with topics that appeal to you and
stick with them.

Many SIGs let you read
streams of messages without paus-
ing for a response from you be-
tween items. To take full advantage
of this feature, download the mes-
sages you want and read them off-
line. If you wish to reply to a
message or leave a new one of your
own, write your text offline as well;
you can send the entire message in
a matter of seconds rather than
pecking away online. (See last
month's column for hints on this
technique.)

Unless you have a burning
question that can't be answered by
the folks who access the message
section, pass up regularly attending
special online conferences. Com-
plete transcripts of the conferences
are usually available in the file ac-
cess areas shortly afterward. Given
the speed that most people type,
the text of a two-hour conference
can usually be downloaded in
about five minutes. If you can't re-
sist conferences, don't bother to
sign on at 1200 or 2400 bps if the
service charges hourly premiums
for these higher speeds. 01' 300
baud is just fine for conferences and
will keep the hourly rate you pay at
a minimum.

Finally, don't ignore using the
public domain program library of
your local computer user group as
an alternative to downloading files
from SIGs. An entire diskful of pro-
grams from a user group usually
costs no more than an hour of time
on a SIG. ©

August 1985 COMPUTEI 33

INSIGHT: Atari

Bill Wilkinson

Atari Input/Output

Much of what I'm about to discuss
this month has appeared in this
column before. And the bulk of this
information can also be found in
the Atari Technical Reference Man-
ual— presuming you can read
"techlish." But this intro is neces-
sary so we can start talking about
the meat of our subject next month.

Still with me? Let's go. Atari's
operating system (OS) — which,
like the OS in any eight-bit com-
puter, takes up the bulk of Read
Only Memory (ROM) — is really a
thing of beauty. In fact, it may be
the only consistent OS to be found
in any microcomputer, short of
those sporting UNIX or its deriva-
tives. CP/M and MS-DOS are such
kludges that most commercial pro-
grams bypass the OS. (That's why
there are so many "almost PC-
compatibles.") The Commodore
64's operating system comes close,
but its disk input/output is difficult
at best. And Apple's ProDOS man-
ual states that "users desiring to
perform I/O to devices other than
the disk drive are on their own!"

Atari users, on the other hand,
enjoy a system with such complete
support that, for most programs, all
necessary input/output operations
can be executed by calling a single
subroutine! That subroutine is
called, appropriately. Central
Input/Output (CIO). By calling CIO
with the proper values in certain
memory locations and the proper
pointer in the 6502's X register,
your programs can perform such
diverse operations as formatting a
disk, drawing a line on the graphics
screen, fetching a keystroke from
the keyboard, sending output to the
printer, or reading 25,000 bytes
from a disk file.

Yet, CIO is invisible to most
Atari users. For example, many of
the capabilities which magazine
and newsletter articles attribute to

BASIC are not part of BASIC at all.
None of the graphics (including the
so-called BASIC graphics modes) in
Atari BASIC are actually performed
by BASIC. Instead, BASIC simply
translates the graphics command
into a call to CIO. Atari developed
this system in 1978, and it wasn't
until the Macintosh appeared that
such a revolutionary concept was
repeated in a popular computer.

Generally, you have to become
a machine language programmer to
appreciate and use all the features
of CIO. So why read any of this,
then? Because calls to CIO can't
perform every input/output task
possible on Atari computers. What
can't CIO do? First, let's take a
glance at what it can do.

Calling CIO

When CIO is called by a program, it
expects the X register to contain a
pointer to an Input/Output Control
Block (lOCB). lOCBs are blocks of
memory 16 bytes long which con-
trol CIO functions. The pointer val-
ue for the X register is easily
calculated — it's actually the BASIC
file number (as in OPEN #1,4,
0,"K:") multiplied times 16, be-
cause there are 16 bytes per lOCB.
One of the bytes within the lOCB
then tells CIO what function the
program is requesting.

There are seven fundamental
functions available: OPEN,
CLOSE, STATUS, PRINT, INPUT,
Block PUT, and Block GET. In addi-
tion, there are some extended func-
tions. BASIC programmers are
familiar with these because of the
XIO statement, which allows you to
call the functions from BASIC. But
several other BASIC statements (in-
cluding NOTE, POINT, DRAWTO,
and LOCATE) access the CIO ex-
tended functions, too.

After CIO examines the lOCB
and determines which function is
being requested, it decides which

device (keyboard, disk, screen, etc.)
should service the request. Then it
calls an appropriate routine within
the device driver for that device.
(For example, the Disk Operating
System — or more properly, the File
Management System — is the de-
vice driver for the disk drive.) If the
request is for an extended function,
it is passed on unchanged to the
device driver.

Well, with 256 possible com-
mand values, you would think that
there isn't any request, however bi-
zarre, which couldn't be serviced
via CIO. In theory, true. In reality,
you have to stop adding functions
somewhere or you run out of mem-
ory. Thus Atari's ClO-based graph-
ics have no function for drawing a
circle, and DOS provides no com-
mand to format a disk without also
writing a boot and directory.

If you want to draw a circle,
you can write a routine to calculate
and PLOT points or change screen
memory directly. If you want to
mess with the disk drive, though,
you have to learn about another
routine within the Atari ROMs,
Serial Input/Output.

The Mysterious SIO

SIO — which lets Atari computers
talk to devices (such as printers and
disk drives) which hook up to the
serial bus — has acquired an unde-
served aura of mystery. Actually,
though, in some ways it is easier to
call SIO than it is to call CIO!

For example, there is only one
SIO "device" and only one Device
Control Block (DCB). So even the X
register pointer required by CIO
isn't necessary when calling SIO.
Intrigued? I hope so, because it's
time to sign off for now. But after
this brief overview, we're ready for
next month's column: We'll show
how to write a program to call SIO.

34 COMPUTEI August 1965

IBM Personal Computing

Donald B. Trivette

New Life For Aging PCs

This month's COMPUTE! is full of
new wares from the Summer Con-
sumer Electronics Show. But most
of us can't afford to toss out the old
and bring in the new — at least not
yearly — -so let's look at an interest-
ing alternative.

One way to give new life to an
aging PC is with a PCturbo board
by Orchid Technology (47790 Wes-
tinghouse Drive, Fremont, CA
94539). PCturbo, which installs in
one of the PC's expansion slots,
contains a whole new computer and
a whole new memory. It's like hav-
ing a new computer inside an old
computer. The old computer is the
original IBM PC with its memory
and Intel 8088 microprocessor. The
new computer is completely con-
tained on the PCturbo board; it has
an Intel 80186 microprocessor with
up to 640K RAM.

You don't lose your old PC in
the bargain- — a PC with PCturbo is
like two separate computers. In PC
mode, the computer runs just as it
always did. But in PCturbo mode,
the machine zips through most pro-
grams three to four times faster.
Two new DOS-like commands —
TURBO and GOPC—switch from
one mode to another.

The PCturbo board executes all
the usual program instructions, but
handles input/output in a special
way. For example, when a disk op-
eration generates an input/output
interrupt, the PCturbo's 80186 pro-
cessor passes the I/O task along to
the slower 8088 processor. That
means the 80186 can run a program
at full speed without stopping to
process time-consuming interrup-
tions from the keyboard, screen,
disk, and printer.

Nor is the PC's original memo-
ry left idle. Software supplied with
PCturbo allows that memory to be
used as one or more electronic
RAM disks and as a disk cache (pro-

nounced like "cash"). Disk caching
has been around for years as a way
to speed up I/O on mainframe
computers. No matter how fast disk
drives are, memory is three to four
times faster. The PCturbo disk-
caching software automatically
moves blocks of data (called sec-
tors) from the disk to the cache (the
old PC memory) so the data will be
there when needed. In fact, the
caching software anticipates re-
quests: It moves the next disk sector
into memory as well. All this is
completely transparent to the appli-
cation software — it still thinks it's
reading and writing data on a flop
py disk.

A Dramatic Speed-Up

How well does disk-caching work?
To find out, I plugged a PCturbo
board into my three-year-old 320K
PC and invite.d over a friend.

Henry and his wife own an
interior design firm; they use their
PC with Lotus 1-2-3 to keep track of
chairs, tables, wallpaper, fabrics,
taxes, and all the other charges for a
job. I had heard Henry complaining
about the spreadsheet for a modest
residence he is doing for a surgeon.
The spreadsheet is 28 columns
wide by 389 rows deep — about
170,000 opulent bytes. When
something is added — say a Ming
vase — it takes the program 15.5
seconds to recalculate. (We all
should have to spend a half-million
dollars at four items per minute!)
With the computer in PCturbo
mode, the recalculations were cut to
six seconds. That's a speed increase
of 250 percent (or six more items per
minute).

My own problems more often
involve checking the spelling in a
manuscript rather than spending
money more rapidly. I recalled a
2,049-word article (it took the PC
three seconds to count the number
of words; PCturbo, one second) and
set Word Proof, the IBM spelling

checker, to work. In 41 seconds,
PCturbo verified that the article
had no errors; in regular PC mode,
the job took 107 seconds. To speed
things up even more, I moved Word
Proof's 125,000-word dictionary
from a floppy disk to an electronic
RAM disk created in the regular PC
memory. PCturbo polished off all
2,049 words in 18 seconds (almost
114 words per second); the PC by
itself took 77 seconds — more than
four times longer.

And how much does it cost to
find spelling errors faster than
Superman? The invoice from Or-
chid Technology is $747 for the
PCturbo board with 256K of mem-
ory, and $375 for the optional 384K
memory module to reach a total
640K. The fully loaded board—
PCturbo with 640K— costs $1,122.
Not bad for an accessory that al-
most turns a three-year-old PC into
a PC AT.

Almost, that is, because the PC
won't do a few things in PCturbo
mode. IBM BASIC is an IBM propri-
etary product built into a chip on
the PC's main circuit board; it's not
available to PCturbo, so you must
switch to PC mode to run BASIC or
BASICA. But compiled BASIC runs
just fine with PCturbo. Also, the
PCturbo board I tested wouldn't
run communications programs (it
couldn't find the modem). How-
ever, Orchid says it has a solution
to that in the works. Somehow it's
comforting to know there's lots of
life left in the old PC.

Odds And Ends

The second edition of IBM's Direc-
tory of Personally Developed Soft-
ware has been out for several
months, To get a free copy, call 1-
800-IBM-PCSW (a.k.a. 1-800-426-
7279). The new directory lists 58
software products ranging in price
from $15 to $150, although most
cost about $20. There are some real
bargains here. ©

August 1 986 COMPUTB 35

S Programming the Tl

C. Regena

Trivia Quiz

There has been quite a big fuss
about the trivia-type question and
answer games — Trivial Pursuit and
the various takeoffs. I'm certain
that you've also seen ads for com-
puter versions of these board
games. Have you ever wanted to
buy one? Wait! Write your own.
This month's program, "Trivia
Quiz," gives you the basic structure
for a question and answer game.

The main part of either the
board games or the computer ver-
sions is the bank of queshons. Of
course, we can't publish a program
with questions already included be-
cause it would take up the whole
magazine. To make your own
game, you must invent your own
questions. Teachers can use this
program for a basic essay-type quiz
on any subject, and families can
think up questions that appeal to
their interests.

The computer is used to shuffle
the questions, or to randomly
choose one question at a time and
give its corresponding answer.
Once a question comes up, it is not
used again.

I've previously published pro-
grams for a matching quiz and a
multiple-choice quiz. This program
creates a fill-in-the-answer or essay
quiz. You can even print out copies
of tests that have the questions in a
different order for each person.

Modifying Tlie Program

In each of the program's DATA
statements, first write a question,
then type a comma, then put the
answer. Remember to adjust the
spacing so it looks nice on the
screen (no words split across screen
boundaries). If you need commas
within the question or the answer,
you'll need to use quotes. Just to
give you an idea, the sample pro-
gram contains questions from nurs-
ery rhymes and fairy tales.

Adjust the DIMension state-
ment for the number of questions
you put in your DATA statements.
For an example, I've used only 20
questions. You'll probably want
many more for a trivia quiz. Also
define N in line 120 for the number
of possible questions.

After the computer chooses
and prints a question, the player
inputs the answer. The computer
then prints the correct answer. The
computer does not keep score,
however, because you may want to
accept several forms of the answer.
For instance, you could accept the
answer to the question of what Lit-
tle Miss Muffet ate as "curds and
whey," "her curds and whey,"or
even "cottage cheese" — but you
would not accept "porridge."

Trivia Quiz simply asks the
questions, so any number of people
can play. You may want to expand
the program to ask questions of
each player in turn, to add scoring,
or to make a more complex game.
Of course, you can add graphics
and sound, too.

If you wish to save typing ef-
fort, send a blank cassette or disk, a
stamped, self-addressed mailer,
and $3 to:

C. Regena
P.O. Box 1502
Cedar City, UT 84720

Please be sure to specify that you
want the TI version of Trivia
Quiz.

Answers To Reader
Questions

I cover TI BASIC exclusively in this
column because most COMPUTE!
readers have console BASIC only.
For other programming languages
and hardware information, a good
newsletter is published by the
99'ers User Group Association,
3535 South H Street, #93, Bakers-
field, CA 93304. This is a nonprofit
organization that communicates

with hundreds of local user groups.

User groups are still going
strong and are your best source of
information and help. Many pub-
lish excellent newsletters (sorry, too
numerous to mention here, and I
wouldn't want to slight anyone).

New software is still being pro-
duced for the TI — I guess because
there are over two million TIs out
there. Most new programs are en-
tertainment and educational titles.
And yes, the Extended BASIC mod-
ule remains available.

Hardware also is abundant.
There are separate units for each
peripheral, which saves you money
if you need only one item. There
are also combinations. One attrac-
tive unit I've used is CorComp's
expansion unit that contains an
RS-232 interface, 32K memory ex-
pansion, and a disk controller, all in
a box about six inches wide that
connects to the side of the console.
It works just like the TI Peripheral
Expansion Box but without the bulk
and the noisy fan. My only com-
plaint is that the disk drive connec-
tor isn't the same as the TI disk
drive ribbon cable, but I understand
Radio Shack has the necessary
connections.

Next month I'll discuss how to
use peripherals in your programming.

Trivia Quiz

lee

REM TRIVIA QUIZ

110

DIM S% (20> , A» (20)

120

N=20

130

CALL CLEftR

140

PRINT TAB (8) ; "TRIVIA DU

IZ"

150

PRINT ::"A QUESTION WIL

L BE SHOWN. "

160

PRINT :t"TYPE THE ANSWE

R (WITHOUT"

170

PRINT : "COMMAS) THE^ PR

ESS <ENTER>. "

1S0

PRINT ::"THE CORRECT AN

SWER IS SHOWN. "

190

PRINT 5 : "PRESS THE SPAC

E BAR TO"

200

PRINT : "CONTINUE. "

210

FOR C=l TO N

220

READ S»iC) , A* (C)

230

NEXT C

36 COMPUTE! August 1 985

240

250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
Zb0
370
330
390
400
410

420

430

440

450

460

480

490
500

510

520
530
540
550

560
570
580
590
600
610
620

PRINT ::: "PRESS fiNV KEY

TD START. '■
CftLL KEY(0,K,S>
IF S< 1 THEN 250
FDR C=l TO N
CALL CLEAR
RANDOMIZE
R=INT (N*RND) +1
IF S»<R)="" THEN 300
PRINT SS (R) : :
CALL SOUND < 100, 1497, 2)
INPUT B«
PRINT !fl«(R)
CALL KEY{0,K,S)
IF K032 THEN 360
S» (R) =■■ ■'
NEXT C
CALL CLEAR
REM PUT QUESTIONS HERE

DATA WH
TENS?, T
K I TTENS
DATA WH

MEN IN
CHER, T
NDLESTI
DATA WH
LE ROCK
8LDW5
DATA WH
JILH6
PAIL OF
DATA WH

TAILS?
FE

DATA HO
DL DID
AVE?, TH
DATA WH
REE BEA
CKS
DATA WH
PPLE7, S
DATA WH
UPPER?,
KER
DATA WH

PIBS U
R HOUSE
S, BRIC
DATA WH
HAIR TO
E PRINC
DATA WH

IN HIS
MAS PIE
DATA WH
SS MUFF
D WHEY
DATA WH

RIDINS
DING TD
DMDTHER
DATA WH

SPRAT<
T

DATA WH
D AWAY
E PIPER
DATA WH
{11 SPA
JACK
DATA WH

STOCKI
HN
DATA WH

GLASSC
?, CINDE
DATA WH
DID ONE
GGIES H
END

O LOST THEIR MIT
HE THREE LITTLE

0 WERE THE THREE
A TUB?, "THE BUT
HE BAKER, THE CA
CK MAKER"
EN WILL THE CRAD
?,WHEN THE WIND

AT DID JACK AND
SPACES>FETCH?, A

WATER
0 CUT OFF MICE'S
, THE FARMER'S WI

W MAY BAGS OF WO

THEBLACK SHEEP H

REE

0 VISITED THE TH

RS' HDME?, BDLDILQ

O CHOKED ON AN A
NOW WHITE
O SANG FOR HIS S
LITTLE TOMMY TUC

AT DID THE THREE

SE TO BUILD THEI

S?, "STRAW, STICK

KS"

O USED HER LONG

{3 SPACES>SEE TH

E?, RAPUNZEL

AT DID JACK FIND

{3 SPACES>CHRIST

?,A PLUM

AT DID LITTLE MI

ET EAT?, CURDS AN

D WAS LITTLE RED

{3 SPACES>HOOD G

VISIT?, HER GRAN

AT COULDN'T JACK
4 SPACES>EAT?, FA

0 STOLE A PIG AN
DIDRUN?, "TOM, TH

S SON"
0 JUMPED OVER A
CESJCANDLESTICK?,

O SLEPT WITH HIS
NGSDN?,MY SON JO

DSE FOOT FIT THE

4 SPACESJSLIPPER

RELLA

AT KIND OF MEAT

OFTHE LITTLE PI
AVE?, ROAST BEEF

CAPUTE!

Tl Webster Dines Out

In line 480 of this game program
from the June issue (Program 6, p.
57), the DISPLAY AT(3,22) should
be DISPLAY AT(23,22). Reader
Andrew Sonon supplied this cor-
rection, which moves the score in-
dication to its proper place on the
screen.

Apple MLX Error Messages

Although there are no errors in the
"Apple MLX" listing from the June
issue (p. 114), a number of readers
have encountered DISK ERROR
messages at unusual times. During
normal operation of the program,
the only errors that should occur
are ones involving disk access; line
100 traps these errors. However, a
side effect of this error trapping is
that typing mistakes you make
while entering MLX can also pro-
duce the message in line 610. Thus,
if MLX gives you a DISK ERROR
message when you are not access-
ing the disk, you need to check for a
typing mistake in the MLX pro-
gram. Lines 330-340 are a common
problem area. Make sure you have
not confused the letter O (used in
the variable names 0$ and O in
those lines) with the number zero,
which also appears in line 340. In
COMPUTERS listings, a zero always
has a diagonal slash through it.

Commodore Disk Editor

The POKE 1024, PEEK(254) in line
260 of this disk utility program
from the June issue (p. 98) prevents
you from changing the value of the
first byte in a sector. This is the
track number for the next sector in
the file, so you may not need to
change its value very often. How-
ever, you can modify the program
to allow editing of the first byte by
replacing the GOTO 260 at the end
of line 310 with WAIT 198,255:
GOTO 280.

Editing Enhancement For
Softball Statistics

This record-keeping program from
the July issue (p. 30) works as pub-
lished for all the listed computers.
However, the data input process
can be simplified by allowing cor-
rections for each player's statistics.
To accomplish this, make the fol-
lowing changes to the general pro-
gram (Program 1):

545 PRINT

546 PRINT "EVERYTHING OK (Y/N)
7"

547 INPUT AS

548 IF AS<>"N" AND A$<>"Y" THE
N 545

549 IF A5="N" THEN 420

TI-99/4A users should also make
the following additional changes:

548 IF (A$<>"N")*(AS<>"Y" ) THE
N 545

Atari users should also make the
following additional changes:

250 NEXT 1 SPRINT "<:DQWN>E
verything DK (Y/N)?":
BOSUB 630: IF A*="N" T
HEN 210

255 GOSUB 460

Mindbusters For Atari
DOS 3.0

To use the Atari version of this
thinking game from the April issue
(p. 50) with DOS 3.0, you must
delete the DIM K(255) in line 5 and
make the following changes to line
1:

1 DIM K(255);FOR I = 0 TO 255: Kd) - 0:
NEXT I: GOTO 5 @

August 1985 COMPUTEI 37

Reviews

Archon II: Adept

Arthur Leyenberger

Requirements: Commodore 64 or 128;
Atari 400/800 or XL with at least 48K
RAM; or an Apple U-series computer with
at least 48K RAM. Ail versions also re-
quire a disk drive and a joystick.

In any entertainment business, whether
it is movies, books, or videogames,
there is a natural tendency to produce
sequels to existing hits. Making sequels
can be approached in a number of
ways. Often the sequel is just more of
the same thing, such as Jaws U and jaws
3-D; the hope is that there will be con-
tinued demand for more of the same
thing. The risk in this approach is that
people may eventually grow tired of
the old formula.

Another approach is to use the
same basic theme of the original, but
add something new or better to the
sequel — as in the successful Star Wars
and Star Trek films. This is also the case
with Ardwn II: Adept, a new game from
Free Fall Associates, published by Elec-
tronic Arts.

Adept was designed to be a game
that has the same mixture of strategy,
action, and play mechanics as the origi-
nal Archon. But it is sufficiently differ-
ent to please both new players and
long-time Archon devotees.

Casting Magic Spells

Adept is basically a game of magic, fo-
cusing on energy and resource manage-
ment. Unlike Archon, it allows people of
different skill levels to compete more
equally. The combination of strategic
board play and individual combat
means that people who don't have fan-
tastic reflexes have a reasonable chance
of winning.

Each side starts with four Adepts,
similar to the Wizard and the Sorceress
pieces in Archon. The game begins with
one Adept on each of the four elements:
Earth, Water, Air, and Fire. The ele-
ments are represented by colored bands
on the screen. Your pieces are shown

vertically on each side of the screen,
with the more powerful, flexible pieces
at the top.

The more powerful pieces require
more energy to manipulate. Choosing
the beginner level gives you the most
energy while choosing the advanced
level gives you the least. The play level
also affects the speed of the pieces in
combat. Each piece can cast spells, and
every spell costs magical energy. You
can cast as many spells as you want
with any piece as long as you can afford
it. To gain magical energy, you must
occupy "power points." If you occupy
al! of the power points, you win the
game.

You shape your magical army de-
pending on such factors as your skill
with a particular piece, a certain strate-
gy, or the pieces you like. Each side has
four different elemental pieces that can
be called upon. They are strongest in
their own element but can be played in
any element, Some of the pieces are
common to both sides, while others are
unique.

When you choose a piece, you are
shown the amount of energy you cur-
rently have as well as how much ener-
gy it costs to use that piece or cast a
spell. Although many of the spells are
familiar to the experienced Archon play-
er, some have new twists. For example,
the Imprison spell lets you trap an ene-
my piece as long as you have the ener-
gy to pay for it. Casting and main-
taining this spell costs energy during
every turn, so imprisoning everyone in
sight would soon drain your resources
and lose you the game.

Apocalypse Now

All of the spells can be cast repeatedly,
with one exception: the Apocalypse.
You can cast this spell only once, since
it begins a battle that ends the game. It
is a one-on-one, winner-take-all battle
that is shaped by your strategic posi-
tion: the amount of energy, number of
pieces, and surviving Adepts you have
left. The result can be either a well-
matched or very one-sided battle.

This go-for-broke spell typically is
cast in two situations. One is if you are
way ahead and, for some reason, are
having trouble occupying the last power

point. The other situation is when
you're in danger of losing the game and
have no other way out. Since the Apoc-
alypse spell is expensive, casting it in a
weak position weakens you still more.

Adept contains a wider variety of
creatures than are found in Archon.
Each piece has a unique weapon and
performs best in a certain element. For
example, the Juggernaut is best suited
to Air and uses itself as a missile. When
fired, it glows and charges across the
screen. While in motion, it is invulnera-
ble and destroys anything in its path.
Using the Juggernaut in the water,
however, significantly slows it down
and makes it more vulnerable to attack.

In 1983, Archon ranked at the top
of almost every gamer's list. It still be-
longs in the videogame hall of fame.
Archon H: Adept is even better than
Archon and should rank even higher
with experienced Archon devotees as
well as with players new to the world of
magic and strategy.

Archon II:Adept
Electronic Arts
2755 Campus Drive
San Mateo, CA 94403
S3J (Commodore & Atari)
$40 (Apple)

WordPerfect
For IBM

Richard Mansfield, Senior Editor

Recjuireinents: IBM PC or compatible
with at least 192K of RAM, two disk
drives, DOS 2.0 or higher, and a printer.
Not compatible with the PCjr.

This is an excellent word processor. In
addition to performing all the usual
tasks with speed and efficiency, Word-
Perfect includes many features which
are either rare or unique.

Perhaps its best single feature is
that it gives you a blank screen to write
on — no distractions from control codes,
command lines, or other clutter. Just a
couple of unobtrusive numbers in the
lower-right comer to identify the col-

38 COMPUTEI August 1985

DISK WORLDI
is pleased to announce the
/oM^esf-p rices ever on brand

name diskettes!

YouVe seen ads for lower priced diskettes.

But did vou evef notice that ttiey usuaillv cSon't carry or list a tjrand name. There's a reason
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called qarbatje within the diskette industry

One or two individuals buy reject product from lower-quality manufacturers and put it out in
the market place without a label. ..and without any meanihQful guaranty that you're qettino qood
product.

But not at DISK WORLD!.

We deal only with branded merchandl5e...with diskettes made by people who are proud to
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3M:

Almost every diskette you buy has a little 3M In It. 3M manufactures more blank

diskette media than anyone else...and probatily produces more computer meOia in atl
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5.25" SSDD w/ FREE Flip 'n File 15 S 1 .42 ea.

5.25-DSDDw/ FREE Flip 'n File 15 5 1.74 ea.

(Above FHEE oflers subject to limited availaDility.)

5.25- SSDD-9St R |2.06ea.

5.25- DSDD-96TPt $ 257 ea.

5.25" DSOD-HD for IBM PC/AT $ 3.93 ea

3.50' SSDD-135TPI for Mac and Others $ 2.86 ea.

BASF:

Exceptional value from one of the world's largest companies. Except where

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25' SSDD Bulk Pack in SO's 4 57 ea.

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,.of course ^a 100% LIFETI^flE WARRANTV>

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{In Illinois 1-312-256-7140) 623 Green Bay Hd. Wilmeflo , Illinois 60091

HOWTO
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through Rose & Company, a Chase affiliate.

August 1985 COMPUTEI 39

umn, line, and page. You can call up a
screen with control codes, but when
you're writing, what you see is what
you get; Underlined passages are un-
derlined, bold is bold, indenting looks
like it will on paper.

The spelling checker is another ex-
traordinary feature; it's fast and effec-
tively organized. The dictionary comes
with 100,000 words (more than most
paperback dictionaries), is easily ex-
panded, stunningly quick, and simple
to use. It even looks up words phoneti-
cally: If you type komitty it will look up
committee for you. It checks for double
words {such as "Paris in the the
spring") and gives a word count as well.

If there are things you do repeated-
ly, you can create macros, little pro-
grams that control the word processor.
Then, at the touch of a single key, you
can type in a frequently used address,
save the file, search for another file, etc.
You can also create two screens and
switch between them, and instruct the

word processor to automatically save
backup copies of your current work
every few minutes. And WordPerfect
has a sophisticated, efficient footnote
capability.

Sophisticated and efficient are
good words to describe this program.
While it is easy to use, it contains so
many features and advanced com-
mands that even the most demanding
writers should find what they need.
Statistical typing, math calculation,
automated outline numbering, auto-
mated compilation of tables of con-
tents— the list goes on. If you need
some arcane function, you're likely to
find it in WordPerfect. If you simply
need a powerful, sensible writing ma-
chine, you owe it to yourself to consider
this fine tool.

WordPerfect

SSJ Software

325 North Stale Street

Orem. UT S4057

$495

Adventures In Narnia

For Apple And 64 C Regena

Requirements: Commodore 64 with a disk
drive; or an Apple U-series computer with
at least 48K RAM and a disk drive.

Adventures in Narnia is an adventure
game based on the book The Chronicles
of Narnia by C.S. Lewis. When we first
opened the package, my son exclaimed,
"Hey, I've read that book!" Inside is a
paperback entitled The lion, the Witch
and the Wardrobe, a popular story in the
Chronicles series which was the inspi-
ration for Adventures in Narnia. The
characters in the game are the same as
those in the book, You don't have to
read the book to play the game, but if
you play the game and enjoy it, you'll
probably want to read the book.

Adventures in Narnia is actually a
combination adventure, arcade, and
board game. It even comes with a deck
of game cards and a pair of dice. High-
resolution computer graphics replace
the traditional board, but sometimes
during the arcade action you bump into
something that requires you to roll the
dice or choose a card. Adventures in
Narnia was designed to use the com-
puter, but still resemble a board game
and bring human interaction into play.
As a result, the game is not always
machine-controlled. Its authors point
out that the computer waits while you
"think, discuss, decide." You can "stra-
tegize and argue (without penalty) in
the middle of the game, allowing the
fun and humor of dialogue that is miss-
ing in normal videogames,"

Other adventures are available in
this series as well — such as Dawn
Treader, based on the story The Voi/age
of the "Dawn Treader."

Dodging Evil Dwarfs

The game actually is a two-part adven-
ture with two different arcade screens.
In the first adventure, you start out in
the wardrobe and try to gain points and
strength. In the second adventure, you
use the strength to reach a character
called Asian the Lion.

You start the game by shuffling the
cards and placing them near the com-
puter. Your player is at the right side of
the screen among randomly placed
bushes, flowers, and beavers. Evil
dwarfs dart about, and you have to
avoid them. Dwarfs can also hide in the
bushes, so you don't want to hit a bush.
You can gather flowers to gain points,
and you can meet a friendly beaver to
gain strengths (indicated by hearts at
the top of the screen). The evil dwarfs
patrol Narnia and go around stomping
on flowers and beavers to prevent your
success.

The game action is quick. If you hit
a dwarf (or a moving bush), you're sent
to a dwarf battle. The dwarf thinks of a
random number, and you must roll the
dice to beat his number. If you win, you
get 500 points, but if you lose, you
sacrifice one strength.

From time to time, Edmund and
the Witch appear on the screen. Your

job is to intercept Edmund to prevent
him from reaching the Witch. The first
adventure ends if the Witch captures
Edmund, or if you get ten heart
strengths, or if your time runs out. Then
the next adventure starts.

Inside The ice Maze

The second adventure takes place in the
Ice Maze with your character at the
lower-right comer of the screen and
Asian the Lion at the upper left. Your
object is to get to Asian, but the Witch
sends evil crystals through the maze to
stop you. If you get hit by a crystal,
you're sent back to the beginning and
you lose one heart. If you lose all the
hearts and get hit again, you lose the
game.

The gravity chutes are another
hazard. Snow is falling inside these
chutes, and if you step into one, you'll
tumble to the bottom and find yourself
sealed inside the maze.

If you run into a door, you're side-
tracked to a subadventure. Since the
game action is fast, you'll probably run
into some doors by accident. Once in a
subadventure, you're directed to pick a
card. Then you enter the card's code
into the computer. If your card is Asian
the Lion, you automatically gain one
heart strength. If you draw a Zap card,
you're automatically sent back to the
beginning of the maze and you lose one
strength. Other cards — such as Fenris
Ulf the Wolf, Cair Paravel the Castle,
and Jadis the Witch — require you to roll
the dice to determine your conse-
quences, which can be good or bad.
After the subadventure, you return to
the maze for another crack at Asian the
Lion.

You lose the game if the Witch
steals all your hearts with her ice crys-
tals or if time runs out. You win the
game by reaching Asian the Lion. Your
final score is determined by the running
score on the screen plus 1000 points for
foiling the Witch, 1000 points for each
remaining heart, and the remaining
time multiplied by 10.

The instruction booklet that comes
with this package is very good. It pre-
sents all aspects of the game so you can
identify each object and recognize
whether it is good or bad. Color screen
photos are accompanied with explana-
tions for each possibility. And as you
play the game, the screen instructions
also are easy to understand.

If you own more than one com-
puter, note that the Apple and 64 ver-
sions of this program are on flip sides of
the same disk.

Adventures in Narnia

Word, Inc.

4S00 W. Waco Drive

Waco, TX 76796

$39.95 ©

40 COMPUTH August 1985

Classified

COMPUTE! Classified is a low-cost way to tell over 350,000
microcomputer owners about your product or service.

Rates: $25 per line, minimum of four lines. Any or all of the first line set in capital
letters at no charge. Add $15 per line for boldface words, or $50 for the entire ad set
in boldface (any number of lines.)

Terms: Prepayment is required. Check, money order, American Express, Visa, or
MasterCard is accepted.

Form: Ads are subject to publisher's approval and must be either typed or legibly
printed. One line equals 40 letters and spaces between words. Please underline
words to be set in boldface.

General Information: Advertisers using post office box numbers in their ads must
supply permanent address and telephone numbers. Orders will not be acknowl-
edged. Ad will appear in next available issue after receipt.

Closing: 10th of the third month preceding cover date (e.g., June issue doses March
10th). Send order and remittance to: Harry Blair, Classified Manager, COMPUTE!,
P.O. Box 5406, Greensboro, NC 27403. To place an ad by phone, call Harry Blair at
(919) 275-9809.

Notice: COMPUTE! Publications cannot be responsible for offers or claims of advertisers,
but will attempt to screen out misleading or questionable copy.

SOFTWARE

TI99 LOTTO PICKER. Go for Million Dollar
Jackpots! Picks LOTTO, Daily Numbers, &
Win-4. All USA Lotto games are programmed
in. S25. RIDGE. 170 Broadway. #201 -C,
NYC, NY 1003B. 718-833-6335. Free Catalog.

IBM PCjr OWNERS: We have the software you
want. We also have kits for easy 2nd drive addi-
tion. Free catalog. OOWL SOFTWARE, 1435
Burnley Sq, N., Columbus, OH 43229.

PRINT USR - Formatted numeric oulpul.
Use with your BASIC program. ML speed.
48K-f Apple or C64. Send S9.95 lo: MAK Enl.,
1702 W. Lender. Mesa, AZ 85202.

AMCUP, AN OFllGlNAL sailboat racing game,
1 or 2 players. C-64 w/1541 -t- joystick.
$14.95 ch./m.o. BASE for info. Dream Dog
Software, P.O. Box 1724, Eugene, OR 97440.

"CRAPSMAN!" The C-64 casino craps tutor!
Learn all bets. Test systems. Up lo four plavers.
$31.95 pp, disk. EMCEE SOFT CORP, P.o'. Box
402124, Miami Beach, FL 33140.

SHOPPING LIST PROGRAM for C-64 with
1541 disk and printer, it prepares a shopping list
for meals you select, organized by your market
sections. Send $42 lo 4955 Woodman Ave., Sher-
man Oaks, CA 91423

SOFTWARE PROTECTOR 64. Copy and list
protect your valuable Basic programs.
Onlv SIO (disk only). Systems Software,
44 Rte 25A s209, Smithtown, NY 11787.

PINOCHLE for Commodore 64, PC and PCjr.
Real, double-deck, partnership pinochle
gives you a partner and two opponents!
On disk, $25 postpaid. Jim Bernard, S018
Sunset Path Ct., Springfield, VA 22153.

Tl CHECKWRITER Letter code and dollar
amount are all that's necessary lo print
a complete check. Provides yearly totals
for taxes. Disk $24.95. R.I. P. Software
248 Purisima Rd., Woodside CA 94062.

SCIENCE SOFTWARE with graphics for the
Commodore 64. Astronomy programs, etc.
Catalog and demo disk $3. David Eagle,
79S2 W, Quarto Dr. Littleton, CO 80123.

FIXED ASSET DEPRECIATION on C64.
Handles acts and pre-acrs methods. $39.95.
For free info write: MPM Softw^are Prods.,
P.O. Box 3522, Glendale, CA 91201.

ATARI USERS. 4 games on cassette, $25.
Saucers + monsters, poker, sea finder, pinball.
Write or call Keith Anderson, 8435 12th Ave.,
Silver Spring, MD 20903 (301) 434-0285.

HARDWARE

REPLACEMENT POWER SUPPLIES FOR
C-64 or VIC-20. $29 ea. plus $3 shipping.
64 parts list $5-refundable w/lsl order.
AA Computer, 2726 Park St., JAX, FL 32205.

NUMERIC KEYPAD with joystick CURSOR
control, gold contact $75. Centronics interface
$40. Aulodos cartridge automatically loads
programs from easy-to-use menu $40. All C-64
fully compatible. SS 64 RF Mod. $40. Battery
Back-up with best available protection for C-&4
$50, Apple/IBM $150 (U.S.) APPLIED
COMPUTING, Box 1566, PTBO, ONT. K9J 7H7.
Send $2 for cat. Call (705) 745-8617 anytime.

MISCELLANEOUS

Trade In your used Commodore or Atari

on a brand new C-128 or Alan ST. This offer
mav not be available through retail outlets-
Bro'chure $1.50 and SASE. NEW WEST
TECHNOLOGY, 4B Monroe Pkw., Box 200, Ste.
134, Lake Oswego, OR 97034

FLYING COMPUTERS but stuck on the ground?
Learn requirements lo fly airaafl, with or with-
out license. $3.00 to: Aviation Resource, P.O. Box
369-C, Lancaster, NY 14086.

Super 99 Monthly— quality info for TI-99/4A
& compatibles since 09/84. US $12/yr. Other
$16/yr. Bylemaster Computer Svces., 171
Mustang, Sulphur, LA 7(1663.

FREE! SHOP BY MODEM in our revolutionary
electronic shopping mall. We even accept
credit cards! We have products YOU want!
Call 1-818-840-8066 with your modem NOW!

BUY-SELL-TRADE computers, hardware, soft-
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free sample of Micro-Swap, the coinputer
classifieds. P.O. Box 24, Esmond, IL 60129.

COMPUTER OWNERS!!! Earn dollars and save
money wilh your computer. Write C&D
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Fast Service. Free Catalog.
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LOWEST DISK PRICES-SS/DD wilh sleeve &
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Jusl call 1-800-334-0868 to get your free
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tf you need help in getting information on
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call us today!

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from contaminants with OVERBYTE molded
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Ca'u (213) 866-2583/send $2 further info.
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PHONEMARK DATASETTES: C64, Plus4, Vlc20.
$25.00 plus shipping. We are direct importers.
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August 1985 COMPUTEI 41

62 COMPUTE! Augus'

NMAF

Steve Johnson

This feature-packed utility makes it a breeze
to create your own short cartoons or anima-
tion sequences on the computer screen. The
original version is for the IBM PC with
BASJCA and color / graphics adapter, or En-
hanced Model PCjr with Cartridge BASIC.
We've added versions for the Atari 400/800,
XL, and XE with at least 32K RAM for disk or
24K RAM for tape; Commodore 64 and 128 (in
64 mode); TI-99/4A with Extended BASIC;
and Apple Il-series computers with at least
48K RAM. The Atari and 64 versions also
require a joystick.

Computer animation can be marvelous to behold
but a drudge to produce. Whether you're working in
BASIC or machine language, creating objects and
manipulating them on the screen can mean fum-
bling for hours with PEEKs, POKEs, bits, bytes, and
other tedious details,

"Animator" goes a long way toward automat-
ing this process. It works much like a cartoonist's
sketchpad, letting you draw a series of similar im-
ages which are then displayed in rapid sequence to
create the illusion of movement. Your finished car-
toons can be saved on disk or tape and reloaded for
viewing later.

3H

What every Apple 11+ and He

user shoula ask before

buying the "Sider" 10 MB hard disk:

When a company offers a superior qual-
ity 10 megabyte Winchester hard disk
for only S695, it's bound to raise a few
eyebrows . . . and a lot of questions. The
fact is, you're probably already wonder-
ing "Can I really get a 10 megabyte hard
disk that's reliable for only $695?" The
answer is: ABSOLUTELY... when you
choose the Sider from First Class
Peripherals.

What's so great about the Sider?

For starters, the Sider lets you boot your
Apple 11+ or He directly off the hard
disk— unlike some other Winchester
subsystems. Rebooting is also trouble-
free. And the disk is partitionable,
allowing you to allocate space to four
operating systems on the same disk.
The Sider supports: Apple DOS 3.3; Pro
DOS™; Apple Pascal; andCP/M®

What's more, a small "footprint"
lets you incorporate the compact Sider into
your existing computer set-up with ease.

In addition, with the Sider, you not
only pay far less for the subsystem, you also
save money on installation. Because, unlike
other 10 MB systems that require the
purchase of expensive "extras," the Sider
is f^ug and ptay. Everything you need is
provided, including cables, host adaptor,
installation software and manual.

What makes it so reliable?

To start, the Sider is manufactured, and
sold exclusively, by First Class Peripherals,
an innovative computer company which is
backed by Xebec. The computer industry's
leading manufacturer of disk controllers.
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If you're using the IBM
PC/PCjr version of Animator, type
in and save Program 1, then run it
and follow the instructions below,
//you have an Atari, 64, Tl, or Apple,
you should also read the following
instructions as a general guide to us-
ing Animator. Then refer to the typ-
ing instructions and programming
notes specific to your computer for
additional details.

Drawing An Image

When you run Animator, it displays
an editing screen with 20 numbered
frames. You can draw as many as
20 pictures, one in each frame, then
flip rapidly through the frames to
create animation. The frame num-
ber displayed at the upper left of
the screen shows which frame
you're currently working on. Nor-
mally, Animator begins the anima-
tion with frame 1 and ends with
frame 20. But you can start and end
the animation wherever you like.
For example, a short sequence
might start with frame 1 and end
with frame 3. To view only part of a
long sequence, you might start at
frame 12 and end at frame 18, and
so on. The frame number is con-
trolled by pressing the right and left
arrow keys.

The frame number also deter-
mines which frame you'll be work-
ing on when you go to the editing
screen. Let's start with a simple ex-
ample. Make sure the frame num-
ber is set to 1, then press the 2 key
to select the editing function and
press Enter at the next prompt.

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After a brief pause. Animator dis-
plays a drawing grid with a blink-
ing cursor. Edit mode has three
main functions, selected by press-
ing different keys. Press D to draw
with the cursor, E to erase, and M to
move the cursor without disturbing
anything on the screen.

Draw a simple shape on the
grid to become familiar with these
basic functions. As you'll see, Ani-
mator displays the shape in its actu-
al size to the left of the drawing
grid. An inverse function lets you
reverse everything on the grid —
every dot becomes a blank, and
vice versa (be patient — it takes Ani-
mator about a minute to complete
this process).

Once the picture is finished,
you can press S to save it and return
to the main screen. Note that you
must save a picture with S to put it in
the frame. If you exit the edit mode
by pressing Q, the new picture is
lost and Animator uses whatever
that frame previously contained.
Try drawing a simple shape and
saving it with S (since this is just for
practice, any scribble will do).
When you return to the main
screen. Animator displays the pic-
ture in frame 1,

Frame By Frame

Now you're ready to draw the next
frame in the sequence. In most
cases you'll want to make only
slight changes from one frame to
the next, to simulate smooth mo-
tion. To save time. Animator lets
you copy a picture from one frame
to another. Let's demonstrate this
by copying the picture from frame 1
to frame 2. Set the picture number
to 1 with the arrow keys, then press
2 to edit. Animator displays a
prompt, inviting you to enter a
frame number. To edit the current
picture number, you would just
press Enter. However, by entering a
different number you can copy the
current picture into a different
frame, then change that picture to
make the next frame in your
cartoon.

When you enter 2 at the
prompt. Animator copies the pic-
ture from frame 1 into the drawing
grid. When the drawing grid ap-
pears, make some change in the
picture to distinguish it from frame
1. Now press S to save the picture
in frame 2 and return to the main

screen. Animator displays both pic-
tures in their respective frames.

After drawing a few frames,
you're ready to bring them to life.
The first step is to specify the start-
ing and ending frame numbers. The
starting number determines which
frame begins the animation, and
the ending number tells Animator
where the series ends.

Set the starting number first.
Use the arrow keys to set the frame
number to 1, then press the 3 key.
Now use the arrow keys to make
the frame number match the last
frame that contains a picture, then
press the 4 key. This sets the ending
number. You must always set the
starting and ending numbers before
selecting animation (if you don't.
Animator flips through all 20
frames whether they contain pic-
tures or not). Once these numbers
are set, press the 1 key to view the
sequence. Press the space bar to
pause and Enter to stop it.

By selecting different speed and
pause values, you can move the ani-
mated figure across the screen. The
speed value can range from — 15 to
15. When it is 0, the figure is ani-
mated in place; positive values
move the figure from left to right,
and riegative values move it from
right to left. The greater the value,
the faster the figure moves. Press
the 5 key to decrease the animation
speed, and 6 to increase it.

The pause value controls the
time delay between each frame of
the animation. A small pause value
makes the pictures change very
quickly, while larger values slow
down the process.

Macro Editing Features

Animator provides a few macro
(large-scale) editing features to help
you work with longer cartoons. The
insert function lets you insert a
blank frame anywhere in the series.
To use it, set the frame number to
the number of the frame where you
want to insert a blank, then press
the I key. The designated picture
(and all those following it) are
bumped forward one frame. Note
that the picture in frame 20 is al-
ways lost when you insert.

The delete function lets you
delete any frame in the series.
Change the picture number to the
frame you want to eliminate, then
press D. All the higher numbered

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pictures move down one frame, de-
leting the picture in the designated
frame. Frame 20 is always blank
after a deletion.

The inverse function (press 9)
works just like inverse in editing
mode, but inverts all 20 frames at
once.

To clear all 20 frames, press Q
to quit or C to clear. Since these last
two functions can have drastic re-
sults, Animator lets you abort either
one without harm.

When you finish a sequence,
press S to save it on disk. The
screen clears and displays three op-
tions: You can Press A to abort the
save, F to list the picture files on
that disk, or any other key to con-
tinue with the save. Picture file-
names are limited to eight
characters {the first character can-
not be a number). Do not add a
three-character extension; Anima-
tor automatically appends the ex-
tension . ANI when you save or load
a picture file.

Finally, Animator's program
option (available only in the IBM
PC/PCjr version) can write a sepa-
rate BASIC program to display your
cartoon. Press P to select this op-
tion, and sit back while Animator
writes the new program to disk un-
der the filename PRG.BAS. After-
ward, Animator ends with a
reminder to reload PRG.BAS and
save it with a new filename. This
prevents the program from being
overwritten if you select this option
again.

Commodore 64 Version

The 64 version of Animator is writ-
ten entirely in machine language,
but you can use it without under-
standing machine language at all.
Type in and save Program 2 using
the "MLX" machine language entry
program printed elsewhere in this
issue. Here is the information you'll
need:

Starting address: 49152
Ending address: 52991

After you've saved "64 Anima-
tor," plug a joystick into port 2 and
load the program with LOAD"/!7e-
name",3A for disk or L0AD"/!7e-
Hflme",l,l for tape. Type SYS 49152
and press RETURN to run the
program.

64 Animator's main screen
consists of 21 picture frames in-
stead of 20 as found in the IBM

version. It also uses sprites to ani-
mate the frames. Although the
Commodore 64 normally is limited
to displaying eight sprites at once,
64 Animator employs as many as
22 simultaneous sprites with the
raster interrupt technique described
in COMPUTEI's First Book of Com-
modore 64.

When you begin the program,
the frames may contain random
data; Press C to clear them out.
Most program functions are con-
trolled with the joystick. Near the
bottom of the screen you'll see a list
of several functions (frame num-
bers, options, and so on, as de-
scribed above in the general
instructions). As you move the joy-
stick up or down, the function you
select is highlighted in reverse vid-
eo. To increase or decrease the se-
lected value, move the joystick left
or right.

Press the E key to enter edit
mode. The joystick moves the
blinking cursor around the drawing
grid, and the fire button toggles the
space under the cursor on or off. To
draw or erase more than one space
at a time, hold the joystick button
down and move the stick in the
direction you want.

The current picture number is
displayed to the right of the screen.
You can move to a different picture
within edit mode: Press the + key
to increase the picture number, and
the — key to decrease it. Animator
always displays the current picture
in actual size above the picture
number. Above and to the right of
the current picture is the next pic-
ture in the series, and above to the
left is the previous picture. (If you
haven't drawn any pictures yet,
these frames may be blank or con-
tain random shapes.)

Press 1 within edit mode to in-
vert the shape (change dots to
blanks, and vice versa). The cursor
keys shift the entire shape one
space inside the grid, either left,
right, up, or down. You can also
expand the picture horizontally
(press X) or vertically (press Y). Ex-
pansion is toggled off by pressing
the same keys, and can be used on
the main screen as well.

Edit mode lets you copy a pic-
ture from one frame into another.
Press the (7 function key to store
the current shape in the picture
buffer. Then change the picture

number with + or — and press f8
(SHIFT-f7) to copy the picture from
the buffer into the new frame. In
this way you can quickly draw a
series of shapes without leaving
edit mode. The R key returns you
from edit mode to the main screen.

Animoting On The 64

Before watching the animation, set
the starting and ending frame num-
bers to the appropriate range. The
joystick button turns animation on
and off. To change the speed during
animation, move the joyshck left or
right. Press the fl function key to
clear everything but your animated
figure off the screen (fl also brings
back the main screen). You can
change the picture color by press-
ing the CTRL key and one of the
number keys from 1-8. The colors
are the same as those printed on the
front of the keys. For example,
press CTRL-0 to color every figure
black.

Insertions and deletions work
as in the IBM version, except that
an insertion retains the original pic-
ture in the selected frame rather
than inserting a blank. To quickly
fill several frames with the same
picture, press I several times.

64 Animator can save and load
picture files with either disk or tape.
Be sure to set the starting and end-
ing numbers before saving, since
nothing is saved outside that range.
The prefix ANI. is added to picture
files on disk; do not type this prefix
when loading or saving. To abort a
save or load, press RETURN.

It's possible to merge pictures
from different files if the two files
use different frame numbers. Sim-
ply load the second file after the
first. The main screen now contains
pictures from both files. If the files
have overlapping frame numbers,
the second file has priority. For ex-
ample, say that you load ANI.A,
which uses frames 1-3, then load
ANl.B, which uses frames 3-5.
Frame 3 will contain the picture
from the ANl.B file.

64 Animator also lets you add
sound effects in edit mode. Press D
to add or clear the drum sound.
Animator displays a small drum on
the screen when the sound is pre-
sent. To add musical notes in edit
mode, press one of the number
keys from 1-8 for low notes, and
SHIFT plus 1-8 for high notes. A

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small note is displayed when a note
is present. Clear a note by pressing
9. Control the duration of sounds
from the main screen.

Press Q to exit 64 Animator. If
you waiit to restart the program,
you must load it again as described
above. Don't reenter with SYS
49152.

Atari Version

"Atari Animator" is in two parts.
First type in and save Program 3,
then Program 4. If you're using cas-
sette, substitute the following line
for line 2 of program 3:

06 2 PRINT "CD0WN>PRE89 RETU
RN"iRUN "CiPflRTZ"

Cassette users must also save
Program 4 on the same tape immedi-
ately after Program 3. After both
programs have been saved, plug in
a joystick and read the general in-
structions above. When you're
ready to continue, load and run
Program 3 (be sure to rewind the
tape to "the beginning if you're us-
ing cassette). Program 3 loads the
machine language portion of Ani-
mator, then automatically loads
and runs Program 4.

The main screen provides 21
picture frames. Move the joystick
up or down to select any of the
values displayed at the bottom of
the screen, and move it right or left
to increase or decrease the selected
value. Press E to go to the editing
screen. In edit mode, move the
blinking cursor around the drawing
grid with the joystick. The fire but-
ton acts like a toggle: If you press it
while the cursor is on a blank
square, the cursor begins drawing;
if you press it while the cursor is on
a filled square, the cursor begins
erasing.

To the right of the drawing grid
is the current frame number and the
picture in actual size. You can
change to a different frame while in
edit mode: Press the + key to in-
crease the frame number and the ~
key to decrease it. Atari Animator
also lets you copy a picture from
one frame to another via the picture
buffer. Press the G key to get (copy)
the current picture into the buffer.
Then change the frame number
with the + or — key and press P to
put (move) the picture from the
buffer into the new frame.

Press the E key to exit the edit

mode and return to the main
screen. After setting the starting
and ending frame numbers, press
the fire button to begin the anima-
tion. To stop the animation, press
the fire button again. While the car-
toon is moving, you can change the
figure's color by pressing any key
(shifted keys provide additional
colors).

The clear function (press C)
clears the current frame in edit
mode or all frames on the main
screen. Atari Animator does not
have automatic insert or delete
functions, but you can accomplish
the same thing with a series of indi-
vidual get and put operations. You
can save sequences on disk or tape,
using any appropriate filename for
disk.

Apple Version

"Apple Animator" runs on any Ap-
ple Il-series computer with 0(35 3.3
or ProDOS. The program requires
two files on disk: the main BASIC
program and a binary file (ANIMA-
T0R2) that contains graphics data.
Type in and save Programs 5 and 6,
tbien run Program 5 to create ANl-
MAT0R2 on disk. You must run
Program 5 before running Program 6
for the first time. However, you
don't need to run Program 5 each
time you want use Program 6 —
only once to create the ANIMA-
TOR2 file.

After running Program 5, read
the general instructions above, then
load and run Program 6. The pro-
gram works much like the IBM
PC/PCjr version, and most of its
functions are self-prompting. Use
the right and left arrow keys to pick
the correct frame number before
editing. For instance, if the frame
number is 3 when you choose the
edit function, frame 3 appears on
the editing screen. To copy the pic-
ture in frame 3 into a different
frame, enter the desired frame
number when prompted.

When the editing screen ap-
pears, move the blinking cursor left,
right, up, or down by pressing the J,
L, I, and K keys, respectively. To
put your drawing in the current
frame, exit the edit mode with the
save option (the quit option restores
whatever that frame previously
held). The remaining functions
(load, save, insert, delete, invert,
etc.) work as described in the gener-

al instructions above, except that
Apple Animator uses no filename
extenders for picture files.

Tl Version

"TI Animator" is very similar to the
IBM version. Be sure TI Extended
BASIC is plugged in before typing
and saving Program 7.

Since the TI-99/4A screen can
display only 10 frames at once, the
20 frames are divided into two
groups (1-10 and 11-20) on alter-
nate screens, Press the N key to
switch back and forth. You can
change the color of the screen back-
ground or foreground drawing
color by pressing the B or F keys.

TI Animator can save anima-
tion files on disk or tape. When
saving on tape, enter CSl for the
filename. When saving or loading
from disk, be sure to type the prefix
DSKl. at the beginning of each
filename.

Program 1 : Animator for
IBM PC/PCjr

Please refer to "COMPUTEI's Guide to Typing
h Programs" before entering tfiis listing.

OP 5 DEF SEG=05POKE 1047, PEEK (10
47) OR i4

PK 30 KEY OFF! CLS: SCREEN 1 ! DEF S
EBiPDKE I.H4E, 1

CL 110 DEF SEBiPOKE tcH4E, 2

OL 150 REM l«» MAIN PROGRAM ««
t

AF 160 CLS ! SCREEN 2: KEY OFF i FOR
I-l TO 101 KEY I, ""iNEXT

U 170 REM i»« SET UP VARIABLES
III

ED 180 DIM AX(144) ,BX(144) ,D7. (14
4) ,EX(144) ,Fy.(144) ,C7.(144
),BX(144) ,HX(144) , 17.(144)
,J%(144) ,KX(144>,L7.(144),
M7. < 144) , Ny. ( 144) , 07. ( 1 44 ) , P
y.<144),a7.(144),RX(144),97.
(144),Ty. (144) <UX(144) ,A(2
0, 54) I NUM-1 : STA-1 lEN-201 S
P-01 PL-1 1 BET ( 1 , 10> - ( 54 , 30
>,UX

BL 1<?0 X=9sY-3l! LOCATE l,39iPRIN
T " SPEED- •■ I BP 1 1 LDC ATE 1,1
1 PR I NT '■ NUMBER- " ( NUM i i LOCA
TE 1, 14tPRINT"START=")3TA
I 1 LOCATE 1, 26 1 PR I NT" STOP-
"jENiiLOCATE l,55iPRINT"C
HANQE PAUSE- "1 FAST

BE 200 REM III SET UP SCREEN t
»*

P8 210 LOCATE 22,1 i PRINT" 1-ANIM
ATE 2-EDIT 3-STA
RT PIC. 4-END

PIC. "1 LOCATE 23,1)PRINT"5
-SLOWER 6-FASTER
7-FABTER PIC. SWITCH 8
-SLOWER PIC. SWITCH"} I LOC
ATE 24 , 1 1 PR I NT ■■ 9- 1 NVERBE
ALL THE PICTURES"}

FK 220 LOCATE 21 , 1 i PRINT" (S) AVE
(DDAD (C)LEA
R ALL (CDUIT

( P ) ROBAM " t I LOCATE 4 ,
7aiFOR I-l TO 101 PRINT"

48 COMPUTEI August 1985

"|l|il«XTiLOCATE 13,79i
FOR I-ll TO 2Bi PRINT" "
I I|ir4EXT

IH 23S» LOCATE 20, 1 1 PRINT" < I) NSER
T PIC. <D)ELE

TE PIC"!

K 24» FOR T-1 TO 2iFOR I-l TO 5
lLINE<ft,X)-(fl+53, Y) , ,BiLI
NE(A+t0,X)-(A+115,Y) , ,BiA
-A-4-120lNEXTiA-0iX-B0iV-10
21 NEXT

m 2S0 REM t«* READ PICTURES t
«*

K 260 GET (1,10) -(54, 30), AX: GET (
fal , 10) - ( 1 14, 30) , BXi GET < 12
l,lB)-(174,30),CXieeT(l81
, 10) -(234, 30) ,DXiGET(241,
10) -£294, 30) ,EXi GET (301,1
0)- (354,30) ,FXiGET(3il,10
)-(414,30) ,QXiGET(421, 10)
-(474,30) ,HXiaET(4Bl, 10)-
(334,30),IXlQET(541,10)-(
394,30) ,JX

El 270 BET(l,ai)-(54, l01),KXiSET
(tl,ai)-(114,101) ,LXlSET(
12 J , 81 ) - ( 174, 101 ) , MXi GET (
IBl , 81) - (234, 101 ) , NZi GET (
241,ai)-(294,101),OXtSET(
301 , Bl ) - (334, 101 ) , PXi GET (
3il,Bl)-(414,101),aXiGET(
421,Bl)-(474,10i),RXiQET(
461 , Gl ) - (334, 101 ) , SXi GET (
541,B1)-(S94,101),TX

if. 280 REM tt* WAIT FDR KEY »»
t

CI 290 A»-INKEY»iIF A*-"" THEN 2
90 ELSE IF LEN(A«)-? THEN
B30 ELGE IF VAL(A»)>0 AN
D VAL(A«)<10 THEN 430

OL 300 IF A«-"P" THEN 3080

JO 310 IF A«<>"D" THEN 350

P» 320 LOCATE IB, Ij PRINT "ARE YOU
SURE YOU WANT TO QUIT?
(Y/N)"

Jl 330 A«»INKEY»iIF A«-" " THEN 3
30 ELSE IF A«-"Y" THEN SC
REEN 0,0,0iC:LSiEND ELSE L
OCATE 18,1 1 PRINT STRING* (
S0, 32) I SOTO 290

CD 340 REM ttt CLEAR SCREEN tt
t

CC 350 IF A«<>"C" THEN 380

HH 360 LOCATE 17, 1 1 PR I NT "ARE YOU
SURE (Y/N) "iDEF SEGiPOK
E t0&,0

DD 370 A»-INJ<EY«!lF A«-"" THEN 3
70 ELSE IF A»-"Y" THEN CL
Si SOTO 190 ELSE LOCATE 17
,IlPRINT STRING*{66,32)iB
OTO 290

PR 380 IF A«-="S" THEN 870 ELSE I
F A«»"L" THEN 990

00 390 IF A*«="D" THEN 2800 ELSE
IF A«-"I" THEN 2360

Hfl 400 GOTO 290

DF 410 IF FAST=0 THEN BEEPsGOTO
290 ELBE FAST-FAST- 1 1 LOCA
TE l,6SiPRINT FAST) I GOTO
290

JL 420 IF FAST" I 50 THEN BEEP: GO
TO 290 ELSE FAST=FAST+1 i L
OCATE 1, 68 t PR I NT FAST|iGO
TO 290

KP 430 ON VAL(A*) GOTO 520,1080,
470, 300, 4B0, 430, 410, 420, 3
040

REM ttt SET SPEED »<«
IF SP=i5 THEN BEEP ELSE S
P-SP+U LOCATE l,46i PRINT
SP

GOTO 290

STA=NUMiLDCATE l,2asPRINT
ST A I GOTO 290

PP 480 IF SP=-15 THEN BEEP ELSE

FH

440

CI

450

II

460

DJ

470

ID

490

HP

300

U

310

Bl

520

EG

530

CI

540

DK

550

m

560

CN 570

■'Animator for IBM PC/PCjr" takes ad-
vantage of extended BASIC graphics fea-
tures such as GET and PUT.

SP-SP7I! LOCATE l,46i PRINT

SP
GOTO 290

EN-NUMi LOCATE 1,31: PRINT
ENlSDTO 290
REM ttt ANIMATE PICTURES

ttt
LOCATE 17,1: PRINT-PRESS S
PACE BAR TO PAUSE MOVEHEN
T"iLOCATE ie,llPRINT"USE
ARROW KEYS FOR SPEED" i IF
STA>EN THEN QQ--1 ELSE QQ
-1

FOR I=ETA TO EN STEP □□
PL1=PL:IF PL+SP<1 THEN PL
-370 ELSE IF PL+SP>3B0 TH
EN PL-1
PL=PL+SP

LOCATE 1,8: PRINT I i ON I G
OTO 630,640,650,660,670,6
80,690,700,710,720,730,74
0, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790, 800
,810,820

FOR N=-0 TO FASTt4:NEXT:A«
-INKEYtilF A*-" " THEN 23
40 ELSE IF ft«<>"" AND LEN
(A«)<>2 THEN LOCATE I,aiP
RINT NUMlLDCATE 17, liPRIN
T STRING* (150,32)1 GOTO 29
0

IF LEN (A*) 02 THEN 620
C-ASC(RIGHT*(A», 1>): IF C-
77 THEN BP-5P+1 ELSE IF C
=75 THEN SP-SP-l
IF SP=-16 THEN SP=-15 ELS
E IF SP-16 THEN SP-15
LOCATE 1,46j PRINT SP
NEXTsGOTO 530
PUT(PLl,52> ,UX,PSET:PUT(P
L,32) , AX I GOTO 570
PUT(PL1,32) ,UX,PSETiPUT(P
L,52),BXiG0T0 570
PUT (PLl , 52) , UX, PSET: PUT (P
L,32),CXlG0T0 570
PUT (PLl , 52) , UX, PSET : PUT (P
L,52) ,DXiGOTO 370
PUT (PLl , 32) , UX, PSETi PUT (P
L,52) ,EX«QOTO 570
PUT (PLl, 52) ,UX,PSETiPUT(P
L,52),FXiBOT0 570
PUT (PLl , 52) , UX, PSETi PUT (P
L,52),GXiGaT0 370
PUT (PLl , 52) , UX, PSET J PUT (P
L,52) ,HXiGOTO 570
PUT (PL 1 , S2) , UX, PSETi PUT (P
L,52) ,1X1 GOTO 570
PUT (PLl , 32) , UX, PSET: PUT ( P
L,52) ,JXiSaTO 570
PUT (PLl, 52), UX, PSETi PUT (P
L,52) ,KXiQ0TO 570
PUT (PL 1,52) ,UX, PSETi PUT (P
L,52) ,LXiGOTO 570
PUT (PLl, 52 ),UX, PSET: PUT (P
L,52),MXiS0TQ 370
PUT ( PLl , 32) , UX, PSET: PUT ( P

D6 5B0
Fft 590

EN 600

EL 610
EJ 620
no 630

OE 640

BK 650

DA 660

FG 670

IK 680

KC 690

LF 700

OL 710

AB 720

CH 730

FK 740

HO 750

KJ 760

HP

770

Of

780

Bl

790

CO

800

EE

810

m

B20

JH

830

FO

B40

in

850

PC

860

LO

870

HF

880

BH 890

CO 900

jn 910

11 920

CD 930

IE 940
BL 950
i) 960

BJ 970

AE 980

KJ 990
ID 1000

CD 1010

PI 1020

ni 1030

SD 1040

PK 1050

L,S2) ,NXt(30T0 570

PUT (PLl, 52) ,LrX, PSET; PUT (P

L,52),OX|QOTO 370

PUT (PLl , 52) , UX. PSETi PUT (P

L,52),py.lBOTO 370

PUT (PLl , 52) , UX, PSETi PUT (P

L,52),QXlGaTO 370

PUT (PLl , 52) , UX, PSETi PUT (P

L,32) ,RXiGOTO 370

PUT (PLl , 32) , UX, PSET: PUT < P

L,52) ,SXlBQTO 570

PUT (PL 1 , 52) , UX, PSETt PUT { P

L,S2),TXiB0T0 370

C=ASC(RIGHT«(A*, 1) ).IF C-

77 THEN NUM-NUM+1 ELSE IF

C-75 THEN NUM-NUM-1
IF NUM<«0 THEN NUM-20 ELSE

IF NUM-21 THEN NUM-l
LOCATE 1, a 1 PR I NT NUMiGOTO

290
REM ttt SAVE PICTURE tt
■

CLSiON ERROR GOTO 25010
LOCATE 10, 10:PRINT"F-FILE
S A-ABORT SAVE AN
Y OTHER KEY TO CONTINUE"
A«=INKEY«!lF A«="" THEN 8
90 ELSE IF A*-"F" THEN Fl
LES"t.ANI" ELSE IF A*-" A"

THEN GOBUB 2310s GOTO 190
PRINT:PRINTiPRINT5 1NPUT"N
AME OF FILE TO SAVE"lA*iI
F A*-"" THEN QOSUB 2310: G
DTO 190

IF INSTRIA*, ". ")<>0 THEN
CLSi LOCATE 9, 10B PRINT"ND
EXTENSION PLEASE. ."I GOTO
880

IF LEN(A«)>Q THEN CLS:LOC
ATE 9,10«PRINT"NO MORE TH
AN 8 CHARACTERS PLEASE" :G
OTO BS0
IF VAL{R1GHT«(A«, 1))>0 OR

RIGHT* (A«, 1)="0" THEN CL
SiLOCATE 9, 10!PRINT"THE F
IRST CHARACTER CAN'T BE A

NUMBER . . " I GOTO BB0
BOSUB 2310
A«=A*+".ANI"

DEF SEG=S!HB800:BSAVE A«, 0
,J,H4000i PRINT" IT HAS BEEN

SAVED. PRESS ANY KEY

TO CONTINUE" I PRINTi PRINT
; PRINT

A«=INKEV«:IF A«="" THEN 9
70 ELSE CLSiGOSUB 23103 GO
TO 190

REM ttt LOAD PICTURE tt
t
CLSiQN ERROR GOTO 23000

LOCATE 10, 10sPRINT"F-FIL

ES A-ABORT LOAD

ANY OTHER KEY TO CONTINU

E"

A»=INKEY«! IF A«="" THEN

1010 ELSE IF A*="F" THEN
FILES"t.ANI" ELBE IF A*

-"A" THEN BOSUB 23101 BDT

0 190

PBINTiPRINTsPRlNTs INPUT"
NAME OF FILE TO LOAD"; A*

1 IF A*-="" THEN BOSUB 231
01 GOTO 190
IF INSTR(A«, ". ")<>0 THEN

CLSl LOCATE 9,10iPRINT"N
O EXTENSION PLEASE.. "1 BO
TO 1000

IF LEN(A*)>8 THEN CLSsLO
CATE 9, 10iPRINT"NO MORE
THAN B CHARACTERS PLEASE
"I GOTO 1000

IF VAL (RIGHT* (A», 1) ) >0 O

R RIGHT* (A», l)-"0" THEN

CLS 1 LOCATE 9 , 1 03 PRI NT " TH

August 1985 COMPUTE! 49

JC 1090

!A 1100

ED 1110

PB 1120

E FIRST CHARACTER CAN'T
BE A NUMBER.." I BOTO 1000

HE 1060 A««=A«+".ANI"iDEF SEG^IiHB
S00IBLOAD A«,0iQN ERROR
GOTO 01 SOTO 190

L6 1070 REM «tt EDIT A PICTURE
(tt

JQ 1080 LOCATE 16, 1 : PR INT "TYPE I
N 21 TD ABORT" I PR I NT "NUM
BER SET AT THE TOP DF TH
E 3CREEN IS PIC. TO READ
FROM RETURN FDR BAME":L
OCATE IB, liINPUT"EDIT PI
CTURE NUMBER" J Bi IF B<0 O
R B>21 THEN BEEPjSOTD 10
B0

IF B=21 THEN CLSsBOSUB 2
3101 GOTO 190
IF B=0 THEN B=NUM
REM «tf PUT PICTURE TO
EDIT ON SCREEN ttt
CLS: LOCATE 1 , 24i PRINT"WA
IT..."iDN NUM GOTO 1130,
1140,1150, 1160, 1170,1180
, 1190,1200,1210, 1220,123
0, 1240, 1250, 1260, 1270, 12
S0, 1290, 1300, 1310, 1320
PUT(1,50) .AXiGDTO 1340
PUT(1,50) ,Br.jGDTD 1340
PUT<1,50) ,Cy.iBaTO 1340
PUT<1,30) ,Dr.iGQTO 1340
PUT<1,50) ,Er.!GQTO 1340
PUT(1,50) ,Fy.iGOTO 1340
PUT 1 1 , 50) , GXi GOTO 1340
PUT( 1,50) ,HXs GOTO 1340
PUT (1,50), IX! GOTO 1340
PUT(l,50>,JXtGOTD 1340
PUT (l,50>,KXi GOTO 1340
PUT(l,50),LXiGaTO 1340
PUT(l,50),MXl6OTO 1340
PUT ( 1,50), NX 1 GOTO 1340
PUTll,50),DXiGOTO 1340
PUT(l,50>,PX!GaTO 1340
PUT(l,50),DXiGOTO 1340
PUT(l,50),RXiGOTO 1340
PUT(l,S0J,SX!eOTO 1340
PUT(l,50),TXiGOTO 1340
REM »t» GET ON-OFF POIN
TS t**

FOR I-l TO 201 FOR )t=l TO
54tA(I, X ) -POINT (X, 1+49)
NEXTtNEXT

REM ««* DRAW EDITING SC
REEN ttt

FDR 1=1 TD 20! LOCATE 3+1
,14i PRINT "

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'..." 1 i FOR

J=l TD 54l IF A(I,J)-1 TH

EN LOCATE 3+1 , 13+Jl PRINT

"#"
n 1360 NEXTiNEXT

CP 1390 LOCATE 1 ,30: PRINT" (Q)UIT
(D)RAW (M)OVE (E)

RASE (OLEAR (S)AVE
(DNVERSE"
PL 1400 GOTO 1550
BF 1410 REM ttt PLACE CURSOR t

tt
KO 1420 BLINKX»(BLINKX+1J MOD 20

>IF BLINKy.<10 THEN 1470

ELSE 1440
PJ 1430 REM ttt CURSOR OFF ttt
6H 1440 IF A (ROW, COLUMN) =-0 THEN

CH«-"." ELSE IF A (ROW, CO

LUMN)-1 THEN CH««"»"
6F 1450 GOTO 14S0

Bll 1460 REM ttt CURSOR ON ttt
LO 1470 IF CURS— 1 THEN CH«="-"

ELSE IF CURS-0 THEN CH»=

"t" ELBE IF CURS=1 THEN

CH«-"+"
EI 14B0 LOCATE 3+ROW, 13+COLUMN: P

RINT CH* I I RETURN

50 COMPUTEI August 1965

HB

1130

PJ

1140

Qll

1150

6P

1160

CC

1170

DF

1100

FI

1190

EP

1200

FC

1210

SF

1220

II

1230

JL

1240

KO

1250

L!

1260

HE

1270

NH

1280

PK

1290

Ot

1300

PE

1310

AH

1320

PO

1330

JO

1340

PL

1350

KB

1360

IB

1370

DC 1490 REM ttt REMOVE CURSOR
ttt

BH 1500 IF A (ROW, COLUMN) =0 THEN

CH«-"." ELSE IF ft (ROW, CO

LUMN)-=1 THEN GHt-"#"
CF 1510 LOCATE 3+ROW, 13+COLUMN: P

RINT CHt) I RETURN
OP 1520 LOCATE 24,1B:PRINT "w«it

"11 FOR I-l TD 201 LOCATE

3+I,14lPRINT gTRING*(54,

46) I
EH 1530 NEXT: ERASE A: DIM A (20, 54

)l LOCATE 24, 18; PR INT"
" I 1 PUT ( 1 , 50) , UX, PSETs RE

TURN
CD 1540 REM ttt SET CURSOR ttt
I J 1550 ROW=l: COLUMN- 1 1 CURS=0
NF 1560 REM ttt MAIN LOOP ttt
EH 1570 BLINKX"0iIF CURS=-1 THEN
A ( ROW , COLUMN ) -0 i PSET ( CD

LUMN,R0W+49) ,0 ELSE IF C

URS-+1 THEN A (ROW, COLUMN

)-liPaET(COLUMN, ROW +49 ) ,

1
IL 1580 SOSUB 1420
P6 1S90 A«-'INKEY«:DEF SEG:POKE 1

06,01 IF LEN(A«)-0 THEN 1

580 ELBE IF LEN(A»)-1 TH

EN 1600 ELSE IF LEN(A«)>

2 THEN 1720
DM 1600 C0DE1''ASC(A«} AND l<h45F
K 1610 REM ttt READ KEYS ttt
Df 1620 IF C0DE1=ASC<"E") THEN 2

040
P« 1630 IF C0DE1«ASC("M") THEN 2

050
ef 1640 IF C0DE1"=AEC("D") THEN 2

060
JC 1650 IF CDDE1=ASC<"C") THEN 2

0B0
St 1660 IF CDDE1=ASC("S") THEN 2

100
60 1670 IF C0DE1-ASC("D") THEN G

OSUB 23101 GOTO 190
PP 1680 IF CDDE1=-ASC("I") THEN 1

710
DB 1690 GOTO 1580
tCE 1700 REM ttt INVERSE A PICTU

RE ttt
IF 1710 QET(l,S0)-(54,7a),UX-PUT

( 1 , 50) , UX, PRESET: GET (1,7

5)-(S4,95) ,UXieOT0 1340
EL 1720 IF ASC(A«)<>0 THEN 1570

ELSE C0DE2 •>ASC(RIQHT«(A«

,1}}|G0SUB 1500
HB 1730 REM ttt READ ARROW KEYS

tit
IC 1740 IF C0DE2-71 THEN 1040
Pft 1750 IF C0DE2=73 THEN 1B70
m 1760 IF C0DE2=79 THEN 1900
U 1770 IF C0DE2=81 THEN 1930
PI 1780 IF C0DE2=72 THEN 1960
FN 1790 IF C0DE2=75 THEN 1980
ML 1B00 IF C0DE2=77 THEN 2000
iP 1B10 IF CODE2=S0 THEN 2020
U 1S20 GOTO 15B0
W 1830 REM ttt MOVE THE CURSOR

ttt
EJ 1840 JF ROW-1 THEN ROW=21
F« 1B50 IF COLUMNS 1 THEN COLUMN-

55
LE 1860 ROW-ROW- Is COLUMN-COLUMN-

liSOTO 1H70
EC 1870 IF ROW-1 THEN ROW-21
IW 18B0 IF CQLLiMN"S4 THEN COLUMN

-0
ID 1890 ROW-ROW- 1 I COLUMN-C0LUMN+

liGDTD 1570
LK 1900 IF RDW-20 THEN ROW-0
Fd 1910 IF COLUMN- 1 THEN COLUMN-

55
JA 1920 ROW=ROW+itCOLUMN-CDLUMN-

1 1 GOTO 1570
M 1930 IF ROW-20 THEN RO«=0

LD 1940 IF CDLUMN-54 THEN COLUMN

-0
8P 1950 ROW=ROW+ 1 1 CDLUMN-COLUMN+

Is SOTO 1570
EB 1960 IF ROW-1 THEN ROW-21
KB 1970 ROW=ROW-l:6DTD 1570
6C 1980 IF COLUMN- 1 THEN COLUMN-

5S
ON 1990 COLUMN- COLUMN- 1 J GOTO 157

JG 2000

JQ 2010

LK 2020
6F 2030
DJ 2040
KB 2050
CJ 2060
HB 2070

BN 2080
HE 2090

PD 2100

JB 2110
LH 2120
nH 2130
OC 2140
m 2150
CI 2160
DD 2170
FO 2180
HJ 2190
HI 2200
ID 2210
KO 2220
BJ 2230
HE 2240
PP 2250
BK 2260
CF 2270
EA 2280
EL 2290
GK 2300
61! 2310

IF COLUMN-54 THEN COLUMN

-0

COLUMN-CDLUMN+ 1 1 GOTO 1 57

0

IF ROW-20 THEN ROW-0

ROW=RDW+lsB0T0 1570

CURS— IsBDTD 1570

CURS-0: GOTO 1570

CURS-+1:GDT0 1570

REM ttt CLEAR THE PICTU

RE ttt

GOSUB 15201 GOTO 15S0

REM ttt SAVE THE PICTUR

E ttt

LOCATE 1,24:PRINT"WAIT..

."lON B GOTO 2110,2120,2

130,2
2180,:
,2230

40,2150,2160,2170,
190, 2200, 2210, 2220
2240,2250,2260,227

a 2320

0,2200,2290,2300
GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , AXi GDS
UB 23101 SOTO 190
GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , BXi BOS
UB 23101 GOTO 190
GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , CXt GDS
UB 23101 GOTO 190
GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , DXl GDS
UB 23101 GOTO 190
GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , EXs SOS
UB 23101 GOTO 190
GET ( 1 , S0) - (54, 70) , FX: BOS
UB 23101 GOTO 190
GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , GXs BOS
UB 23101 GOTO 190
GET 1 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , HXi BOB
UB 23101 GOTO 190
BET (1,50) -(54, 70), IXt BOS
UB 23101 GOTO 190
GET (1,50) -(54, 70) , JX:GOS
UB 23101 GOTO 190
GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , KXi BOS
UB 23101 GOTO 190
GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , LXi GOS
UB 23101 GOTO 190
GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , MT.! GOS
UB 23101 GOTO 190
GET (1,50) -(54, 70) , NX: GOS
UB 23101 QOTO 190
BET (1,50) -(54, 70) , OX: GOS
UB 23101 GOTO 190
GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , PXi GOS
UB 23101 GOTO 190
GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , QX: GOS
UB 23101 GOTO 190
BET (1,50) -(54, 70), RXl BOS
UB 23101 GOTO 190
GET (1,50) -(54, 70), SX: GOS
UB 23101 GOTO 190
SET (1,50) -(54, 70) .TXiGQS
UB 23101 QOTO 190
CLS: PUT (1,10), AXl PUT (61 ,
10) , BXl PUT ( 121 , 10) , CXi PU
T(lBl,10),DXlPUT(241,10)
, EXi PUT (301 , 10) , FXi PUT (3
61, 10),SXiPUT<421,10},HX
1 PUT (481, 10), IXi PUT (541,
10) ,JX

PUT(l,81),KXjPUT<61,81),
LXi PUT (121,81) , MXt PUT ( 1 8
l,ei),NXiPUT(241,Bl),0X!
PUT (301 , 81 ) , PXi PUT (361 , B
1 ) , QXi PUT (421 , 81 ) , RXl PUT
(481,81),SXiPUT(541,ei),
TX.PffiT

JL 2330
on 2340

PL 2330

JH 23^0

HC 2370
EF 2360

IIH 2390
LD 2400
FB 2410
IJ 2420
FN 2430
in 2440
HP 2450

a 24^0

6B 2470
OK 24G0
PS 2490
FA 2S00
EK 2510

2520
ND 2530
JD 2S40
LH 2550
Dfl 2560
Ffl 2570

2SS0

LB 2590
LA 2&00
NL 2610
OS 2&20
AB 2630
Cn 2640
26S0
FC 2660
HH 2670
JI 2680
KD 2690
K 2700
HH 2710
01 2720
Ptt 2730
BD 2740
DJ 2750
EE 2760
BP 2770
IK 27B0
EH 2790

m 2600

RETURN

IF INKEy«="" THEN 2340 E

LSE 620

REM ««« INSERT ft BLftNK

PICTURE «««

LOCATE IS, liPRINT'flRE YD

U SURE? THIS WILL MOVE

20 OFF THE END"

A»-INKEY«i IF ft*-"" THEN

2370 ELSE IF fl»<>"Y" THE

N LOCATE IB, li PRINT STRl

NQ«(50,32) iBOTO 190

ON NUM BQTQ 2390,2400,24

10, 2420, 2430, 2440, 2450, 2

460, 2470, 2480, 2490, 2500,

2510, 2S20, 2530, 2540, 2550

,2560,2570,2620

aET(l,10)-<S4,30>,BX

QET(61,10}-(114,30),Cy.

BET (121, 10) -(174, 30), D%

GET (181,10) - (234, 30) , EX

BET (241, 10) -(294, 30), FX

GET (301 , 10) - (354, 30) , BX

GETe361, 10)-(414,30) , HX

GET (421 , 10) - (474, 30) , IX

BET (4B1 , 10) - (534, 30) , JX

GET(541, 10)-(S94,30) ,KX

GET(l,Bl)-{54, 101) ,LX

BET(61,B1)-(114,101),MX

GETd 21, 81) -(174, 101), NX

GET (181,81) -(234, 101), OX

BET(24I,B1)-(294,101),PX

GET (301, 81) -(354, 101 ),QX

BET (361, 81) -(414, 101 ),RX

BET (421,81) - (474, 101 ) , SX

BET (481, 81) -(534, 101 ),TX

CLS:ON NUM GOTO 2590,260

0, 2610, 2620, 2630, 2640, 26

50, 2660, 2670, 2680, 2690, 2

700, 2710, 2720, 2730, 2740,

2750, 2760, 2770, 27B0

BET ( 1 , 50) - ( 54, 70) , AXt GOS

UB 23101 GOTO 190

GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , BXs BOS

UB 2310) GOTO 190

BET (1,50) -(54, 70) ,CX:60S

UB 23101 GOTO 190

GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , DX: GOS

UB 23101 GOTO 190

GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , EX: GOS

UB 2310) GOTO 190

GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , FX: BOS

UB 2310) GOTO 190

GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , 6X: GOS

UB 2310) GOTO 190

GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , HX: GOS

UB 2310) GOTO 190

GET ( 1 , 50) - <54, 70) , IXs GOS

UB 2310LGOTO 190

GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , JX: GOS

UB 2310) GOTO 190

GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , KX: GOS

UB 2310] QOTO 190

BET ( 1 , 50) - (34, 70) , LXs GOS

UB 2310) GOTO 190

GET (1,50) -(54, 70) ,MXiGOS

UB 2310) GOTO 190

GET (1,50) -(54, 70) , NX: BOS

UB 2310: GOTO 190

BET ( 1 , 50) - (34, 70) , OXi GOS

UB 2310) GOTO 190

BET( 1,50)- (54,70) ,PXi60S

UB 2310) QOTO 190

BET (1,50) -(54, 70) ,QXiBOS

UB 23101 GOTO 190

GET ( 1 , 50) - (54, 70) , RXsSOS

LIB 2310] QOTO 190

eET(l,50)-(54,70) ,SX!GOS

UB 23101 QOTO 190

SET (1,50) -(54, 70) ,TX:GOS

UB 2310) GOTO 190

REM «tt DELETE A PICTUR

E «tt

LOCATE 18, l! PRINT-ARE YO

U SURE YOU WANT TO DELET
E THIS NUMBER"
EF 2810 A«-=INKEY«) IF A«»="" THEN
2B10 ELSE IF A«<>"y" THE

N LOCATE 16,1) PRINT BTRI

NQ«(50,32) )GOTO 190
NH 2820 ON NUM BDTO 2B30,2B40,28

50, 2B60, 2B70, 2880, 2890, 2

900, 2910, 2920, 2930, 2940,

2950, 2960, 2970, 2980, 2990
,3000,3010,3020
JL 2830 GET(61, 10)-(1 14,30) , AX
SB 2840 GET ( 121, 10) -(174, 30), BX
FE 2850 GET (181, 10) -(234, 30) ,CX
m 2860 GET (241, 10) -(294, 30), DX
IH 2870 BET (301, 10) -(354, 30), EX
LK 2880 GET(361, 10)-(414,30] ,FX
CO 2890 BET (421, 10) -(474, 301 ,GX
CF 2900 eET(4Bl,10)-(S34,30J ,HX
KJ 2910 GET (541, 10) -(594, 30), IX
LB 2920 GETCI,81)-(54,101),JX
BL 2930 BET{61,81)-(114, 101) ,KX
BD 2940 GET(121,81)-(174,101) ,LX
1112950 BET<lBl,81)-(234, 10i) ,nX
LK 2960 BET(241,81)-(294,101) ,NX
HB 2970 BET(301,81)-(354,101) ,0%
JA 2980 BET(361,81)-(414,101) ,PX
SF 2990 GET(421,81)-(474,101),QX
DK 3000 GET ( 48 1,81) -(534, 101 ),RX
HP 3010 QET(S41,Bl)-(594, 101),SX
IP 3020 CLS:GET(1, 10) -(54,30) ,TX

iGOSUB 2310) GOTO 190
PI 3030 REM ttt INVERSE ALL ThE

PICTURES ««t
IK 3040 CLS: PUT (1, 10), AX, PRESET:

PUT (61 , 10) , BX, PRESET) PUT
(121, 10), CX, PRESET) PUT (1

81, 10),DX,PRESET)PUT(241
, 10) , EX, PRESET) PUT (301 , 1

0) , FX, PRESET) PUT (361 , 10)
,QX, PRESET) PUT (421, 10), H

X, PRESET) PUT (481, 10), IX,

PRESET) PUT (541, 10), JX, PR

ESET
nn 3050 PUT (1, 81 ),KX, PRESET: PUT (

61 , 81 ) , LX. PRESET) PUT (121
,81) , MX, PRESET) PUT (181,8
1 ) , NX, PRESET) PUT (241 , Bl )
, OX, PRESET) PUT (301 , HI ) , P

X, PRESET) PUT (361 , 81 ) , DX,

PRESET) PUT (421 , 61 S , RX, PR

ESET ) PUT ( 46 1 , 6 1 ) , BX, PRES

ET) PUT (541 , 81 ) , TX, PRESET
EE 3060 GOTO 190
IF 3070 REM *«« MAKE A PROGRAM

«*«
BN 3060 LOCATE IB, 1 : PR I NT" ARE YO

U SURE YOU MANT TO MAKE

THIS SET-UP INTO A PR06R

AM?"
PJ 3090 A«=INKEY»:IF ft«="" TI«N

3090 ELSE IF A«-"Y" THEN
3100 ELSE LOCATE ie,l:P

RINT STRING* (66, 32) tBOTD
290
KN 3100 B°30:OPEN "0",ttl , "PRG.BA

B"
PL 3110 PRINT »1,"10 CLSsKEY OFF

) SCREEN 2 ) SP- " +STR» ( SP ) +

")PL-1"
JL 3120 IF STA>EN THEN Q1D=-1 ELS

E QQ-l
£P 3130 A»="20 DIM ")FOR I=-STA T

O EN STEP QQ)IF lOSTA T

HEN A«-A»+","
EE 3140 ON I GOTO 3150,3160,3170

, 31S0, 3190, 3200, 3210, 322

0, 3230, 3240, 3250, 3260, 32

70, 3280, 3290, 3300, 3310, 3

320,3330,3340
in 3150 A«°A«+"AX ( 144) ": GOTO 335

0
cn 3160 A»=A»+"BX(144)">B0T0 335

0

m 3170

EH 3180

Fil 3190

EA 3200

FA 3210

BA 3220

HA 3230

lA 3240

JA 3250

KA 3260

LA 3270

HA 3280

NA 3290

HE 3300

HE 3310

BE 3320

PE 3330

A£ 3340

AD 3350
Nt 3360

KO 3370

KG 33B0
CE 3390

PI 3400
BL 3410
BO 3420
CB 3430
DE 3440
EH 3450
EK 3460
HH 3470
lA 3480
JD 3490
JK 3300
KK 3510
LA 3520
HD 3530
He 3540
PJ 3550
on 3560
BP 3570
CC 3580
DF 3590
HH 3600

A«'

0

A»^

0

A«^

0

A«:

0

Pi*>

0

A«=

0

A«-

0

A«>

0

A«=

0

A«>

0

A«-

0

A«-

0

A«<

0

A«=

0

A«-

0

A*'

0

A«:

■A»+ "CX ( 1 44 ) " ) GOTO 335

■A*+"DX( 144)": GOTO 335

=A»+"EX( 144)-) GOTO 335

■A»+"FX( 144)": GOTO 335

■A»+ " GX ( 1 44 ) " : GOTO 335

■A«+"HX( 144)": GOTO 33S

=A«+"IX(144) ":SOTD 335

=A«+"JX( 144)": GOTO 335

=A*+"KX ( 144) " : GOTO 335

■A«+"LX ( 144) ": GOTO 33S

.A«+" MX (144) "(QOTO 335

■A«+"NX(144) "iQOTD 335

■A*-»-"OX ( 144) " : GOTO 335

=A«+"PX(144)":B0T0 335

=A«+"aX( 144)") GOTO 335

=fl«+ " RX ( 1 44 ) " I QOTO 333

.A«+-SX(144)"iB0T0 335

FH 3610

A«-A«+"TX(144)")(30TD 333
0

NEXT

A«-A«+",UX(144)")PRINT «
1,A«) PRINT #1,"30 QETd,
1)-(54,20),UX"
IF STA>EN THEN 00-=- 1 ELS
E DQ-l

FOR P-STA TO EN STEP OO
CLS) ON P GOTO 3400,3410,
3420, 3430, 3440, 3450, 3460
, 3470, 3480, 3490, 3500, 351
0,3520, 3530 , 3540 , 3550 , 35
60, 3570, 3580, 3590
PUT(1,50),AX;BOTO 3600
PUT (1, 50), BX: GOTO 3600
PUT(1,50) ,CX:BOTO 3600
PUT(1,50),DX:GOTO 3600
PUT(1,50),EX:BOTO 3600
PUT (1, 30), FX: GOTO 3600
PUT (1, 50), GX: GOTO 3600
F>UT(1,50),HX:BOTO 3600
PUT (1,50), IX: GOTO 3600
PUT (1, 50), JX: GOTO 3600
PUT (1, 50), KX) GOTO 3600
PUT{1,S0),LX)GDTD 3600
PUT (1,50), MX: GOTO 3600
PUT{l,50),NXiGDTD 3600
PUT (1,50), OX) GOTO 3600
PUT (1, 50), PX) GOTO 3600
PUT ( 1 , S0 ) , QX ) GOTO 3600
PUTtl,50),RX:QQTD 3600
PUT(1,50) ,SX:GOTQ 3600
PUT (1, 50), TX) GOTO 3600
FOR X=l TO 54:G=B+10:A«=
STR» tG) ) A«°RIGHT« ( A«, LEN
(A*)-1))F0R I-l TO 201 IF
POINT(X,I+49)-l THEN A»
-A»+")PSET(")B»-BTR»(X))
A«-A«+RIBHT« (B«, LEN (B») -
1 ) ) A«-fl*+ " , " ) B»-STR« (1+4
9) > A«-A»+RIQHT« (B», LEN ( B
«)-l))A«-A«+")"
NEXT) IF LEN(A«)>6 THEN B
«-LEFT* ( A», LEN (STR« (S) ) -
1))A«-RIBHT«(A«, (LEN(A«)
-LEN ( B« ) ) - 1 ) ) A*-B*+ " " +A
•) PRINT #1,A« ELSE B-B-1

AA 3620 NEXT

August 1985 COMPUTE) 51

ID 3630

Hn 3640
CP 36Sa
EC 3660
6F 3670
n 3680
LL 3690
LC 3700
KF 3710
ei 3720
Ct 3730
EO 3740
BB 3750
IE 3760
KH 3770
NK 37B0
PM 3790
PE 3800
BH 3810
Ei: 3820
&> 3830
PH 3840
(B 3850
MK 3860

EQ 3870
OF 3880

in 3890

nj 3900

FS 3910

CK 3920

KL 3930

BL 3940
PP 3950

B«G+10:A«"STR*(G):A«=RIG
HT«(A«,LEN(A«)-1)!QN P G
DTD 3640,3650,3660,3670,
3680 , 3690 , 3700 , 37 1 0 , 3720
, 3730 , 3740, 3750, 3760, 377
0, 3780, 3790, 3800, 3810, 36
20,3830

A«=A«+" GET (1,30) -(54, 70
), AX "I GOTO 3B40
A«=A«+" GET (1,50) -(54, 70
). 87." I GOTO 3840
A«=ft*+" GET (1,50) -(54, 70
),CX"iGOTO 3B40
A«=A«+" GET (1,50) -(54, 70
) ,DX"iGDTO 3B40
A»=A«+" GET (1,50) -(54, 70
) , EX" 1 GOTO 3840
A*=A*+" GET (1,50) -(54, 70
) ,FX"iBOTD 3840
A«=A*+" GET (1,50) -(54, 70
>,6X"lBDTD 3840
ft»=A*+" GET (1,50) -(54, 70
),HX"»eOTD 3840
A«=A»+" BET (1,50)- (54,70
) , IX" s GOTO 3840
fl»=flS+" GET (1,50) -(54, 70
),JX"iBDTO 3B40
A«-AS+" GET (1,50) -(54, 70
),KX"iGOTO 3B40
A«=A«+" GET (1,50) -(54, 70
) , LX" 1 GOTO 3840
A«=A«+" GET( 1,50) -(54,70
) , MX" 1 GOTO 3840
A«-A$+ " GET(1,50)-(S4,70
) , NX" » GOTO 3840
A«=A»+" BET (1,30) -(54,70
),DX"iOOTD 3840
A«=fl«+" GET(1,50)-CS4,70
> ,PX"iGDTD 3840
ft«=A*+" GET (1,50) -(54, 70
> ,aX">BOTO 3840
A«=A»+" BET(l,S0)-(54,70
) ,RX"i6QTD 3840
A«=A«+" GET (1,50) -(54, 70
),SX"lGOTO 3840
A«=A*+" GET (I, 50) -(54, 70
),TX":GOTO 3840
A*=A«+"!CUS":PRINT #1,A«
sNEXT

IF STA«=EN THEN STN=1:EA=
liGQTO 3BB0

IF STA>EN THEN STN=STA-E
NlEA-1 ELSE EA-EN-STArST
N-1

IF EA+QQ=0 THEN EA-EA-Oa
G=G+10:R=G! A«=RIGHT»(STR
«(G),LEN(STR«(G) )-!)+" F
OR I-"+RIOHT«(STR«(STN),
LEN(STR«{STN) )-l)+" T0"+
9TR«(EA+aQ)+" STEP"+STR«
(QQ)iPRINT ttl,A«ie-ei-10
A«=RIGHT«(STR«(6) ,LEN(ST
R» (6) )-!)+" FOR P-1 TO"!
A«=A»+STR« (INT (FAST«4.2)
)+"lNEXT!PLl=PLi IF PL+SP
<1 THEN PL-570 ELSE IF P
L+SP>5B0 THEN PL-1"
G=G+10: PRINT #1,A«
A*=RIBHT*(STR*(G),LEN(ST
R*(G))-1)+" PL-PL+SP'-sPR
INT #1,A«:G=G+10
A*=RIGHT« (STR« (G> , LEN(BT
R«(G) )-l)+" ON I 60T0":X
-G+10SA«=A«+STR«<X) sFDR
1=STA TO EN+CQQt-l) STEP
QQ:X=X+10:A«=A*+", "+RIG
HT«(STR«(X) ,LEN(STR»(X) )
-1) iNEXTsPRINTttl, A«
IF STA>EN THEN 0=STA:W=E
N ELSE IF EN>STA THEN Q=
EN5W=STA
FOR P=W TO Q
G=G+10: A*=RIGHT« (STRt (G)
,LEN(STR«(G))-1) SON P GO

TO 3960,3970,3980,3990,4
000,4010,4020,4030,4040,
4050, 4060, 4070, 4080, 4090
,4100,4110,4120,4130,414
0,4150
IE 3960 A*-A*+" PUT(PL1,52),UX,P
BET!PUT(PL,52) , AXs"sGOTO
4160
LE 3970 ft»=A«+" PUT(PL1,52) ,UX,P
SET 1 PUT tPL, 52) , BXi " : GOTO
4160
BE 3980 A»=ft«+"— PLJT(PLl,52X,Ur.,P
SET: PUT (PL,52) , CX: " : GOTO
4160
BE 3990 A»=A*+" PUT (PLl , 52) , UX, P
SETi PUT (PL, 52) , DXi " ! GOTO
4160
BF 4000 A*=A«+" PUT(PL1,52> ,UX,P
SET! PUT (PL, 52) ,EX: " : GOTO
4160
EF 4010 A»=A«+" PUT(PL1,52),UX,P
SET! PUT (PL, 52) , FXi " 1 GOTO
4160
HF 4020 A«=A»+" PUT(PL1,52),UX,P
SET I PUT (PL, 52) , GXt " : GOTO
4160
KF 4030 A*=A«+" PUT(PL1,52) ,UX,P
BETiPUT(PL,52) ,HX! ":GOTO
4160
KF 4040 A«=A»+" PUT(PL1,52) ,UX,P
SET! PUT (PL, 52) , IXi ":6DTD
4160
W 4050 A»=A«+" PUT(PL1,52> ,UX,P
SET! PUT (PL, 52) , JXi " : GOTO
4160
BF 4060 A*=A«+" PUT(PL1,S2) ,UX,P
SETiPUT(PL,52),KX!"!G0T0
4160
BF 4070 A*=A«+" PUT(PL1,52),UX,P
SET! PUT (PL, 52) ,LXi"»GOTD
4160

JF 4080 A«=A»+" PUT<PL1,52) ,UX,P
SETiPUT(PL,52) ,MXi"iGOTO
4160
KF 4090 A«=A«+" PUT(PL1,52) ,UX,P
SETi PUT (PL, 52) , NX: " : GOTO
4160
BJ 4100 A«=A«+" PUT(PL1,52) ,UX,P
SET! PUT (PL, 52) ,OXi " : GOTO
41(!t0
9J 4110 A*=A«+" PUT(PL1,52) ,UX,P
SETt PUT (PL, 52) , PX: " ! BDTD
4160
EJ 4120 A*=A«+" PUT(PL1,52> ,UX,P
SET; PUT (PL, 52) ,QX!":GOTD
4160
HJ 4130 At=A«+" PUT(PL1,52),UX,P
SET: PUT (PL, 52) ,RX!"iGOTD
4160
KJ 4140 A»=A«+'" PUT(PL1,52) ,UX,P
SET! PUT (PL, 52), SX: " : GOTO
4160
NJ 4150 ft»=A*+" PUT(PLl,52) ,U7-,P
SET: PUT (PL, 52) , TX: " > GOTO
4163
BO 4160 A«=A»+"GDTO'"+STR«(X + 10) 1
PRINT #1, A«:NEXT!G»X+10
LN 4170 A»=RIGHT»(STR»iG> ,LEN(ST
R«<G))-l)sA«-A«+" NEXT:G
•OTD"+STR*(R) iPRINT«l, A»
Nfl 4180 CLOSE «1:CLS:PRINT"BEF0R
E YOU DO ANYTHING ELSE L
DAD THE PROGRAM <PRG> AN
D THEN SAVE IT UNDER THE
NAME YOU WANT" I END
6D 25000 BDSUB 25020: RESUME 990
BH 25010 GDSUB 25020! RESUME 870
PJ 25020 PRINT: PRINT "

DIS
K ERROR #"ERR
6P 25030 PRINT! PRINT "

HIT SPACE
BAR TO CONTINUE"

CI 25040 A« = INKEY»i IF
EN 25040 ELSE

Program 2: 64 Animator

Version by Kevin Mykytyn, Editorial

Programmer

Please refet to the "MLX" article in this issue

before entering the following listing.

49152
43156
49164
49170
49176
49182

491 a a
49194
49200
49206
49212
49218
49224
49230

492 36
49242
49248
49254
49260
49266
49272
4927B
49284
49290
49296
49302
49308
49314
49320
49326
49332
49338
49344
49350
49356
49362
49368
49374
49380
49386
49392
49398
49404
49410
49416
49422
49428
49434
49440
49446
49452
4945B
49464
49470
49476
49482
49488
49494
49500
49506
49512
49518
49524
49530
49536
49542
4954B
49534
49560
49566
49572
49578
49584
49590
49596
49602
49608
49614
49620
49626

032,

238,

203,

032,

142,

203,

160,

127,

185,

123,

2f6,

153,

064,

003,

136,

016

247,

076,

046,

192,

000,

001,

001,

015,

001,

012,

008

000

000

000,

000

000,

000

000

000

000,

306

000

000

000

000

000,

000

000

000

000

032

077,

192

169

000

141

02B

192,

032

070

193,

032

044

193,

032,

070

194

032

215

193,

032

033

197

162

255

032,

205

194,

076

060

192

120,

169

127

141

013

220

169,

105

141

020

003

169

192,

141

021

003

169

129

141,

026

208

169

027

141

017,

208

088

096

169

001

141,

025

208

173

044

192

20B,

069

173

018

208

201

010,

176

011

162

225

160

059,

169

083

141

018

208

208,

029

201

085

176

011

162,

232

160

099

169

130

141,

018

208

208

014

162

239,

160

139

169

000

141

018,

208

240

003

140

018

208,

152

160

012

153

001

208,

136

136

016

249

160

000,

138

153

248

007

200

232,

192

007

208

246

173

013,

220

041

001

240

081

164,

203

204

043

192

240

056,

140

043

192

185

129

235,

201

088

208

008

173

029,

20B

073

128

141

,029

20B,

201

089

208

008

,173

023,

208

073

128

141

,023

20B,

201

049

,144

022

,201

057,

176

018

,056

174

,141

002,

224

004

,208

010

,233

,049,

160

007

,153

039

,208

,136,

016

250

,201

133

,208

,011,

173

045

,192

240

,006

,032,

019

193

,032

238

,203

,076,

049

234

,076

188

,254

,173,

136

002

073

012

,141

136,

002

173

024

208

,073

048,

141

024

208

173

,021

208,

073

127

,141

021

,208

096,

169

127

,141

021

,208

169,

064

141

,016

208

,160

006,

162

012

,185

047

,204

157,

000

208

,202

202

,136

,016,

245

096

,169

147

,032

,210,

255

169

,015

141

,033

,208,

162

001

,160

002

,024

,032,

240

255

,032

197

,193

162,

006

160

,002

024

,032

,240,

255

032

,197

193

,162

011,

160

002

,024

032

,240

255,

032

197

,193

162

,004

160,

002

024

,032

240

,255

169,

085

160

,204

032

,030

171,

162

009

,160

002

,024

032,

240

255

,169

120

,160

204,

032

030

171

162

,014

160,

002

024

032

240

,2 55

169,

155

160

,204

032

,030

,171,

032

165

193

032

,181

193,

096

162

019

160

,001

024,

032

240

,255

169

,190

160,

204

032

030

171

,096

162,

032

160

001

024

032

240,

255

169

116

160

205

03 2,

030

171

096

169

007

141,

020

192

169

054

160

204,

032

030

171

206

020

192,

208

244

096

162

019

160,

018

024

032

240

255

169,

52 COMPUTEI August 1985

49632
4963S

49644
49650
49656
49662
49668
49674
49680
49686
49692
49698
49704
49710
49716
49722
49728
49734
49740
49746
49752
49758
49764
49770
49776
49782
49788
49794
49800
49806
498U
49813
49824
498 30
49836
49842
49848
49854
49860
49866
49872
49878
49884
49890
49896
49902
49998
49914
49920
49926
49932
49938
49944
49950
4995G
49962
49968
49974
49980
49986
49992
49998
50004
50010
50016
50022
50028
50034
50040
50046
50052
50058
50064
50070
50076
50082
50088
50094
50100
50106
50112
50118
50124
50130
50136
50142
50148
50154
50160
50166
50172

000

174

021

192

032

061

192

194

162

019

160

038

024

059

032

240

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159

if tt tf nr7 tf Hrr

%i*L

IWllttllm; SPCED 11 KOIE DURflTlOH 3

h-...-.iia ua |li.!,[,i:i ^I'li i ii tun.

"64 Anittiatar" uses raster interrupt
techniques to display up to 22 sprites at
once.

173,016, 179
016,208,237
074, 196,020
109,035,072
173,014,001
014,208,196
208,009,150
208,024,001
173,016,241
013,169,087
173,016,112
016,208,041
074,074,081
025, 192, 224
192,208,245
076,142,014
173,025,248
033,238,005
238,025,060
074,176,204
045,192, 176
004,240,116
032,214,115
196,032,086
192,168,103
255,007 ,140
040,195,108
219,141,135
219,173,039
011 ,072,253
141,069,124
024,105,244
169,032,104
201,010,220
049, 141 ,029
233,010,180
007,096,078
007,169,156
096,173,238
144,016,063
050,007,219
009,048,206
201 ,010,248
049,141 ,083
233,010,214
007,096,112
007,169,190
096,032,131
208,003,230
067,208,207
176,033,019
169,056,126
203,198,234
160,021,090
055,153,052
056,136,238
073,208,152
251,169,010
064,133,138
254,169,115
192,170,037
177,253,052
249,165,056
133,251,088
133,252,141
064,133,016
000,133,156
162,020,188
189,024,165
055,232,216

50178

:016,

50184

:208,

50190

:206,

50196

:173,

50202

= 192,

50208

: 208 ,

50214

:20B,

50220

:128,

50226

;201,

50232

;208,

50238

:0ia.

50244

;208,

50250

:234,

50256

1074,

50262

r240.

50268

:049,

50274

rl96.

50280

:192,

50286

:027,

50292

:192,

50298

:019,

50304

:173,

50310

:003,

50316

:194,

50322

:235,

50328

:024,

50334

:141,

50340

:169,

50346

:070,

50352

1025,

50358

:016,

50364

:007,

50370

:001,

50376

:141,

50382

;144,

50388

:070,

50394

:009,

50400

:009,

50406

:032,

50412

:022,

50418

:072,

50424

:104,

50430

:141,

50436

:144,

50442

:050,

50448

:009,

50454

:009,

50460

:032,

50466

:228,

50472

:076,

50478

:038,

50484

:I69,

53490

:133,

50496

!252,

50502

1169,

50508

!250,

50514

1016,

50520

:096,

50526

:061,

50532

:253,

50538

:022,

50544

S240,

50550

!l45.

50556

:25l.

50S62

tl65.

50568

;165,

50574

1253,

50580

:254,

50586

(189,

50592

1056,

208

208

068,

041

127

141,

014

208

076,

031

192

024,

141

031

192,

105

000

141,

010

173

016,

141

016

208,

085

208

020,

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128

240,

141

014

208,

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127

141,

173

000

220,

176

016

173,

054

206

027,

206

025

192,

074

176

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201

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240,

192

208

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196,

169

000

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136

002

201,

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193,

096

032

164,

196

173

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105

224

141,

255

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076,

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141

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219

141

071,

192

056

233,

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169

045,

104

073

255,

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204

196,

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0^7

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192

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153

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153

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128

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169

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237

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160

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165,

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233,

202,

208,

218,

250,

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072,

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189,

220,

50598 1157,220,055,104,157,024,115

50604 1056,104, 15 7, 250, 05 5, 202, 228

50610 1202,236,022,192,176,226,208

50616 1096,201,068,208,100,173,006

50622 1022,192,032,165,199,165,197

50623 s 251, 024, 105, 064, 133, 2 53, 002
50634 1 165 , 2 52 , 105 , 000 , 133 , 254 ,087
50640 1169,02 2,056,237,022,192,138
50646 1170,240,072,160,063,177,072
50652 1253,145,2 51,136,016,249,246
50658 1165,251, 024 , 1 05 , 064 , 1 33 , 200
50664 1251,165,2 52,105,000,133,114
50670 1252,165,253,024,105,064,077
50676 1133,253,16 5,254,105,000,130
50682 1133,2 54,202,016,2^8,174,223
50688 1022,192,23 2,189,250,055,172
50694 I 072 , 189 , 024 , 056 , 072 , 189 , 096
50730 1 220, 955, 202,1 57, 22(?(, ass. 153
50706 1104,157,024,056,104,157,108
50712 1250,055,232,232,224,021,014
50718 1144,227,096,201,083,208,221
50724 1044,032,146,199,032,063,040
507 30 1199,169,220,133,253,169,161
50736 1055,13 3,2 54,173,024,192,111
50742 1032,165,199,165,251,024,122
50748 ! 105 , 064 , 170 , 16 5 , 2 52 , 105 , 153
50754 1000,168,169,2 53,032,216,136
50760 1255,032,233,198,104,104,230
50766 1 076 , 046 , 192 , 201 , 076 , 208 ,109

50772 1019,032,146,199,032,063,063

50773 1199,169,000,032,213,255,190
50784 103 2,23 3,198,104,104,076,075
50790 1046 , 192 , 201 , 036 , 208 ,099 ,116
50796 1032,146,199,169,001,162,049
50802 1 008 , 160 , 000 , 032 , 186 , 255 , 243
5080S : 169 , 008 ,162,059,160, 206 , 1 16
50814 I 032 , 189 , 255 , 032 , 192 , 255 , 057
50820 1032,233,198,162,001,032,022
50826 1 198 , 255 , 032 , 207 , 255 ,032 , 093
50832 1207,255,169,013,032,210,006
50838 1255,032,207,255,032,207,114
50844 1255,032,233,198,176,032,058
50850 1 032 , 207 , 255 , 170 , 032, 207 , 041
50856 1255,032,205,189,169,032,026
50862 : 032 , 210, 255 , 032 , 207 , 255 , 141
50868 1240,220,032,210,255,165,022
50874 1203,201,064, 208, 250, 076, 164
50880 117 7,198,169,001,032,195,196
50886 1 255 , 032 , 204 , 255 , 104, 104 ,128
50892 1076 ,046 , 192 , 201 , 081 ,208 , 240
50898 : 006 , 032 , 002 , 204 , 176 , 001 ,119
50904 1000,096,169,000,160,206,079
50910 1032,030,171,032,228,255,202
50916 1201,013,208,249,096,141,112
50922 1038,192,024,165,144,240,013
50928 1074 , 041 , 1 28 , 240 , 020 , 169 , 144
50934 1099 , 160 , 206 ,032 , 030 , 171 ,176
50940 1169,001,032,195,255,032,168
50946 : 218, 198, 104, 104, 076, 202, 136
50952 1198,169,015,162,008,168,216
50958 1032, 136,255, 169, 000, 032, 176
50964 1189,255,032,192,255,162,081
50970 1015,032,198,255,169,013,196
50976 1032,210,255,03 2,207,255,255
50932 . 072 , 032 , 210 , 255 , 104 ,201 , 144
50988 1013,208,244,169,015,032,213
50994 « 195 , 255 , 032 , 204 , 255 , 032 , 255
51000 1218,198,056,173,033,192,163
51006 1096, 169,210, 160,205,032,166
51012 1030,171,03 2,249,171,173,126
51018 1 000 , 002 , 208 , 005 , 104 , 104 ,241
51024 1076,076,198,160,255,200,021
51030 1 ISS , 000 , 002 , 1 53 , 038 , 002 , 210
51036 1208,247,162,005,189,060,195
51042 1206,157,032,002,200,202,129
51048 1016,246,152,162,032,160,104
51054 : 002 , 032 , 189 , 255 , 169 , 229 , 218
51060 1160,205,032,030,171,032,234
51066 t 2 28 , 25 5 , 201 , 084 , 208 , 004 , 078
5107 2 :162 , 001 , 208 , 006 , 201 ,068 ,006
51078 1 208 , 241 , 162 , 008 , 169 , 002 , 1 56
51084 1160,001,03 2,136,255,096,102
51090 1032,091,255,032,138,255,181
51096 1169,024,141,024,208,169,119
51102 1251,160,205,032,030,171,239
51108 1096,024,105,2 24,133,251,229
51114 1169,000,133,252,162,006,124
51120 1006,251,038,252,202,208,109
511 26 1 249 , 096 , 169, 001 , 141 , 044 , 114
51132 1192,169,055,141,011,208,196
51138 1141,013,208,169,035,141,133

August 1 985 COMPUTE! 53

51144 1012,208,169,255,141,010,227

511 50 I 203 , 169 , 224, 141 , 021 , 20B, 153

51156 1169,195,141,016,208,169,086

51162 :020 , 141 , 0X4 , 20B , 169 , 085 , 087

51 168 1141,015,208,169,084,133,206

51174 s247, 169, 004, 133, 248, 169, 176

51180 : 020, 141, 000, 208, 141, 802, 236

51 186 ! 208 , 169 , 165 , 141 , 001 , 208, 110

51192 »169, 190, 141, 003, 208, 169, 104

51198 1013,141,248, 007, 169, 014, 078

51204 8141,249,007,032,170,202,037

51210 1172,022,192,185,220,055,088

51216 :240, 020, 17 3, 021, 208, 009, 17 5

51222 : 001, 141, 021, 208, 169, 128, 178

51228 : 141, 004, 2 12, 169, 129, 141, 056

51 234 : 004 , 2 12 , 208, 008 , 173 , 021 , 148

51240 1208,041,254,141,021,208,145

51246 : 172, 022, 192, 185, 250, 055, 154

51252 1240,030,141,008,212,185,100

51258 . 024 ,056 , 141 , 007 , 212 , 169 , 155

51264 1032,141,011,212,169,033,150

51270 : 141, 011, 212, 173, 021, 208, 068

51276 1009,002,141,021,208,076,021

51282 :092, 200, 173,021,208,041,049

51288 {253,141,021,208,03 2,194,169

51294 t 202, 032, 118, 203, 169, 084, 134

51300 1133,253,133,141,169,216,121

51306 t 133, 254, 133,142,173,022,195

51312 5192,024,105,224,141,255,029

51 318 !007 , 0S6 , 233 , 001 ,141 , 253 ,041

51324 ! 007, 024, 105, 002, 141, 254, 145

51330 1007,173,022,192,032,165,209

51336 {199,165,2 51,133,139,165,164

51342 12 52,133,140,169,000,141,209

51348 1038 , 192 , 169 , 003 ,141 ,039 ,218

51354 1192,172,038,192,177,251,152

51360 1140,038,192,160,000,162,084

51366 1 008 , 010, 144 , 006 , 072 , 169 , 063

SI 3 72 (001,145,253,104,230,253,134

51 378 ! 208 , 002 , 230 , 254 ,202 , 208 , 002

51384 1238,238,038,192,173,038,077

51390 1 192 , 201 , 064 , 240 , 021 , 206 , 090

51396 1039,192,208,211,165,253,240

51402 1024,105,016,133,253,165,130

51408 1254,105,000,133,254,076,006

51414 . 150 ,200 , 165 , 247 , 133 , 249 ,078

51420 1165,248,133,250,160,000,152

51426 1177,247,073,128,145,247,219

51432 .162,128,032,205,194,073,002

51438 1128,145,247,173,000,220,127

51444 1074,176,015,072,165,247,225

51450 1056 , 233 , 040 , 133 , 247 , 165 , 100

51456 1248,233,000,133,248,104,198

51462 1074 , 176 , 015 , 072 , 165 , 247 , 243

51468 1024,105,040,133,247,165,214

51474 1248 , 105 , 000 ,133, 248 , 104 , 088

51480 1074,176,015,072,165,247,005

51486 1056 , 233 , 091 , 133 , 247 , 165 , 097

S1492 1248,233,000,133,246,104,234

51498 t 074 , 176 , 015 , 072 , 165 , 247 , 023

S1S04 1024,105,001,133,247,165,211

51510 1248,105,000,133,248,104,124

51516 1074,176,038,165,249,024,018

S1522 .105,000,133,076,165,250,029

51528 1105,212,133,079,173,041,047

51534 1192,208,012,169,001,141,033

51540 .041,192,177,078,073,001,134

51546 .141,040,192,173,040,192,100

51552 .145,078,076,106,201,169,103

51558 .000,141,041,192,177,247,132

51564 .201,032,208,008,165,249,203

51570 .133,247,165,250,133,248,010

51576 .032,228,255,201,082,208,102

51SB2 .013,169,000,141,044,192,173

51588 1169,129,141,026,208,076,113

51594 1049 , 192 , 201 , 147 , 208 , 003 ,170

51600 .032,170,202,201,043,208,232

51606 1013 , 173 ,022 , 192 , 201 ,021 , 004

51612 .240,006,238,022,192,076,162

51618 1 010 , 200 , 201 , 045 , 208 , 013 , 071

51624 117 3,022,192,201,001,240,229

5 1630 1 006 , 206 , 022 ,192 ,076 , 010 ,174

51636 .200,201,073,208,014,160,012

51642 .063 , 177 , 1 39 , 073 , 255 , 145 , 014

51648 1139,136,016,247,076,092,130

51654 1200,201,136,208,010,163,089

51660 .063,177,139,153,122,206,040

51666 1136,016,248,201,140,208,135

51672 1013,160,063,185,122,206,197

51678 .145,139,136,016,248,076,214

51684 1092,200,201,145,208.011,061

54 COMPUTEI August 1985

51690
51696

51702
S170S
51714
51720
51726
51732
517 38
51744
517S0
51756
51762
51768
51774
51780
51786
51792
51798
51804
51810
51816
51822
51828
51834
51840
51846
51852
51858
51864
51870
51876
51882
51888
51894
51900
51906
51912
51918
51924
51930
51936
51942
51948
51954
51960
51966
51972
51978
51984
51990
51996
52002
52008
52014
52020
52026
52032
52038
52044
52050
52056
52062
52068
52074
52080
52086
52092
52098
52104
52110
52116
52122
52128
52134
52140
52146
52152
52158
52164
52170
52176
52182
52188
52194
52 200
52206
52212
52218
52224
52230

.162

003

032

061

203

202

129

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250

076

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200

201

243

1017

208

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162

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167

1091

203

202

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076

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1092

200

201

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208

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247

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177

139

106

136

216

1136

162

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177

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106

225

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202

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137

1200

200

192

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157

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160

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177

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162

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177

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154

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200

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144,

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076,

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|153

220,

055

076,

010,

200,

026

tl73

141,

002

201,

004,

240,

079

1062

164,

203,

185,

129,

235,

046

1205

060,

003

240,

052,

141,

031

1060

003,

201

049,

144,

045,

094

.201

058,

176

041,

174,

022,

014

1192

056,

233

049

168

185

231

.050

206,

157

250,

055,

185,

001

.041

206,

157

024,

056

173

017

.141

002,

240

014,

189,

024,

232

.056

010

157

024

056

189

120

.250

055

042

157

250

055

187

1076

010

200

201

092

208

171

1003

076

010

200

032

225

192

i202

160

000

076

216

200

2 50

tl69

065

160

205

032

030

063

.171

169

021

141

020

192

122

il69

068

160

205

032

030

078

1171

206

020

192

208

244

205

1162

012

160

033

024

032

105

i240

255

169

000

174

022

036

il92

032

205

189

169

032

001

1032

210

255

096

160

000

197

1177

139

041

127

145

139

218

.096

16 5

141

133

163

165

063

1142

133

164

169

000

141

211

.038

192

169

003

141

039

050

1192

160

007

169

000

141

143

.042

192

024

177

163

041

119

1015

240

001

056

110

042

206

1192

136

016

,242

172

038

032

tl92

173

042

192

145

139

125

1165

163

024

105

008

133

102

.163

165

164

105

000

133

240

1 164

238

038

192

173

038

103

.192

201

064

208

001

096

02B

.206

039

192

208

198

165

024

1163

024

105

016

133

163

138

tl65

164

105

000

133

164

015

1076

238

202

160

000

177

143

Il39

141

038

192

136

200

142

1200

192

064

208

008

173

147

1038

192

136

136

145

139

094

.096

177

139

136

145

139

146

.076

069

203

160

062

177

067

.139

141

038

192

200

136

172

.136

016

007

173

033

192

150

.200

145

139

096

177

139

234

i200

145

139

,076

099

203

206

tl69

000

133

,251

169

216

032

il33

252

162

,004

160

000

067

1152

145

251

,136

208

251

249

.230

252

202

,203

243

096

087

1120

165

001

,041

251

133

085

.001

169

000

,133

251

169

103

1032

133

252

,169

000

133

105

i253

169

,208

,133

254

162

059

1003

160

,000

,177

253

145

141

1251

,136

,208

,249

,230

,252

218

1230

,2 54

,202

,208

,240

,165

197

1001

,009

,004

,133

,001

,088

,164

.160

,007

,185

,100

,205

,153

,232

.008

,033

,185

,108

,205

,153

,120

1008

,037

,136

,016

,241

,169

,041

.024

,141

,024

,208

,160

,023

,020

il69

f 000

,153

,000

,212

,136

,116

1016

,250

,169

,015

,141

,024

,067

1212

,169

,050

,141

,001

,212

,243

.169

,019

,141

,005

,212

,096

,106

!l69

,032

,160

,000

,153

,000

,240

1008

,153

,000

,009

,153

,000

,055

1010

,153

,000

,011

,136

,208

,000

.241

,096

,032

,038

,204

,169

,012

.067

,160

,206

,032

,030

,171

,160

52236
52242
52248
52254
52260
52266
52272
52278
52294
52290
52296
52302
52308
52314
52320
523 26
52332
52338
52344
52350
52356
52362
52368
52374
52380
52386
52392
52398
52404
52410
52416
52422
52428
52434
52440
52446
52452
52458
52464
52470
52476
52482
52488
52494
52500
52506
52512
52518
52524
52530
52536
52542
52548
52554
52560
52566
52572
52578
52584
52590
52596
52602
52608
52614
52620
52636
52632
52638
52644
52650
52656
52662
52668
52674
52680
52686
52692
52698
52704
52710
52716
52722
527 28
52734
52740
52746
52752
52758
52764
52770
52776

.032,228,255

201,089

024,073

.240,005,201

078,208

244,226

.056,008,032

038,204

169,019

1083,160,206

032,030

171,200

.040,096,162

015,160

014,011

1024,032,240

255,096

048,22 5

.088,128,168

208,248

033,153

.144,182,163

163,163

181,026

1017,157,157

157,157

157,094

1182,032,032

032,191

017,030

1157,157,157

157,157

182,015

1175,175,175

181,145

145,050

.000,144,032

032,049

032,117

.032,032,032

050,032

032,044

1032,032,051

032,032

032,051

1032,052,032

032,032

032,058

1053,032,032

032,032

054,087

1032,032,032

032,055

000,041

1032,032,056

032,032

032,030

.032,057,032

032,032

032,087

1049,043,032

032,032

049,118

1049,032,032

032,049

050,126

.032,032,032

049,051

032,116

1032,032,049

052,000

032,091

1049,053,032

032,032

032,130

.049,054,032

032,032

049,154

1055,032,032

032,049

056,168

.032,032,032

049,057

032,152

.032,032,050

048,032

032,150

1032,050,049

000,144

018,223

.083,084,065

082,064

073,151

1078,071,032

080,073

067,087

1084,085,082

069,146

144,046

.032,032,032

032,069

078,229

1068,073,078

071,032

080,106

1073,067,084

085,082

069,170

.032,032,013

029,080

073,231

.067,084,085

082,069

032,141

.078,085,077

066,069

082,185

1032,032,032

032,032

032,182

1079,086,069

082,065

076,197

.076,032,083

080,069

069,155

1068,032,032

032,013

029,214

1083,087,073

084,067

072,224

1073,078,071

032,083

080,181

1069,069,068

032,032

032,072

.032,032,078

079,084

069,150

.032,068,035

082,065

084,198

.073,079,078

032,032

032,114

1000,249,006

2 49,006

033,081

.007,073,007

013,0^7

053,216

1007,093,007

147,017

000,077

1013,146,144

029,029

029,202

.029,033,033

033,033

033,012

1033,033,033

033,033

033,022

.033,033,033

033,033

033,028

1033,033,033

033,033

033,034

.033,000,000

126,126

126,253

1126,126,126

000,255

129,098

.129,129,129

129,129

255,242

.017,028,018

069,146

068,206

1073,084,032

032,032

032,151

.032,032,018

076,146

079,255

.065,068,032

032,032

032,139

.032,032,018

083,146

065,004

.086,069,032

032,032

032,173

.032,032,018

067,146

076,011

1069,065,082

032,065

076,035

.076,032,018

036,146

067,027

.065,084,065

076,079

071,098

1032,032,018

073,146

078,043

.083,069,082

084,032

032,052

1032,032,018

068,146

069,041

.076,069,084

069,032

032,044

.032,032,018

081,146

085,082

.073,084,144

000,017

017,029

1029,069,078

084,069

082,111

1032,070,073

076,069

078,104

1065,077,069

013,000

017,209

1017,032,018

084,146

065,080

.030,069,032

079,082

032,098

1018,068,146

073,083

075,193

1013,013,000

147,005

017,187

1017,000,013

017,032

072,149

1073,084,032

082,069

084,172

.085,082,078

032,084

079,194

.032,067,079

078,084

073,173

.078,085,069

000,068

032,148

1085,077,000

078,079

084,175

1069,000,032

032,032

032,231

1000,097,104

143,048

143,063

S2782
52788
52794
52800
52806
52812
52818
52824
5 28 30
52836
52842
52848
52854
52860
52866
52872
52873
52884
52890
52896
52902
52908
52914
52920
S2926
52932
52938
52944
52950
52956
52962
52968
52974
52980
52986

!024

!010

:000
t073
1069
:0e3

1 00a

S032
t032
:013
1067
:032
:078
•.009

• 000
j255
sl29
■ 000

• 255
i255
S255
t255
1000
:000
1000
1000
1000
:000

tsm

•.000
1003
1007
;001
:000
:002

,210,
,011,
,036,
,046,
,032,
,085,
,032,
,032,
,032,
,032,
,069,
,080,
,084,
,004,
,016,
,192,
,012,
,014,
,254,
,254,
,254,
,240,
,000,
,000,
,006,
,004,
,004,
,004,
,004,
,004,
,244,
,248,
,224,
,000,
,013,

195,000
012,014
048,058
042,028
089,079
082,069
032,032
032,032
000,073
068,069
032,078
082,069
013,000
016,000
004 , 000
013,000
064,066
124,000
127,255
127,255
063,255
003,255
000,000
000,000
000 , 000
128,000
000,000
000,000
000 , 000
000,001
000,007
000,003
000,000
000,000
013,013

,008,

,015,

,065

,065,

,085,

,063,

,032,

,032,

,048,

,086

,079,

,083

,000,

,008,

,032,

,176.

,002,

,062,

,254,

,254,

.252,

,192,

,000,

,004

,005,

,004,

,004,

,004,

,004,

,228,

,252,

,240,

,000,

,000,

,013,

009,236

016,130
078,087
082,144
032,200
144,090
032,242
032,024
013,036
073,185
084,003
069,015
032,069
008,160
003,185
048,052
112,015
127,219
127,146
127,152
015,236
000,093
000,178
000,188
000,201
064,140
000,210
000,216
000,222
300,197
000,220
000,218
000,207
000,244
013,061

Program 3: Atari Animator,
Part 1

Version by Kevin Mykytyn, Editorial

Programmer

Pleas© refer to "COMPUTEI's Guide to Typing

In Programs" before entering ttiese listings.

1(0 GRAPHICS 0IPDKE 7S2,liP
RINT "tCLEARXa DDMN>
tl2 8PACES>PLEftBE WAIT":
PRINT "<DOWN>
{7 8PACE81THE SCREEN MI
LL BLANK "
OL 1 CH~0iFOR A-29000 TO 293
66tREAD BiPOKE A,6lCH-C
H + BlNEXT AlIF CHO4301H
THEN PRINT "ERROR IN D
ATA" I END
fC 2 RUN "DlPART2"
EOA DATA 169,3,141,242,6,16

9,e, 141,243,6
CBS DATA 165, BB, 133,205, 16S

,B9, 133,206, 169,0
lt>6 DATA 141,241,6,169,0,14

1,240, 6, 160,7
M7 DATA 56,177,205,201,12,

240, 1.24, 110,240
NNB DATA 6,136,16,242,173,2

40,6, 174,241,6
IF9 DATA 157,8,96,32,190,11

3, 173,241,6,24
IF 10 DATA 105,8,141,241,6,2

01,90, 176,47,206
Htll DATA 242,6,208,39,169,

3, 141,242,6,32
i)H12 DATA 190,113,32,190,11

3, 173,241,6,56, 233
Nils DATA 25,141,241,6,206,

243,6, 208, 14, 169
H(14 DATA 8,141,243,6,173,2

41,6,24, 105, 16
l)P15 DATA 141,241,6,24,144,

163, 104,96, 169,205
M16 DATA 24,105,8,133,203,

165,206, 105,0, 133
Mt 17 DATA 206,96,165,20,197

,20,240,252, 104, 169
tBlB DATA 170,141,49,114,16
9,34, 141,59, 114, 169

"Atari Animator" lets you create car-
toons in 128 different colors.

H 19 DATA 154,141,71,114,10

4, 104, 10, 170, 189, 139
PI 20 DATA 114,133,203,232,1

89, 139, 114, 133,204, 104
UZl DATA 141,242,6,48,20,1

04,24, 109,244, 6
M.22 DATA 141,244,6,173,246

,6, 109,242,6, 141
HI23 DATA 246,6,24,144,31,7

3,255,24, 105, 1
NN24 DATA 141,242,6,104,141

, 245,6, 173,244,6
LI 25 DATA 56,237,245,6,141,

244,6, 173,246,6
HK 26 DATA 237,242,6,141,246

, 6, 162,3, 160,7
Hit 27 DATA 177,203,153,170,9

4. 136. 16.248. 160. 15

FJ 28 DATA 177,203,153,42,95

, 136, 192,8, 176,246
HN 29 DATA 160,23,177,203,15

3. 170.95. 136. 192. 16

JQ 30 DATA 176,246,165,203,2

4, 105,24, 133,203, 165
CII31 DATA 204.105,0,133,204

, 173,49, 114,24, 105
NP32 DATA 8,141,49,114,173,

59, 114, 105,8, 141
IIL 33 DATA 59,114,173,71,114

,24,105,8,141,71
DI 34 DATA 114,202,208,180,1

7S,-246,6, 14 1 , 1,208
BO 35 DATA 24,105,8,141,2,20

8,24, 105,8, 141
ffl 36 DATA 3,208,96,8,72,8,7

2,80,72, 152
If 37 DATA 72,224,72,40,73,1

12,73, 184,73,8
KKSB DATA B0, 80, B0, 152,60,2

24,80,40,81, 112
KB39 DATA 81,184,81,8,86,80

,88, 152,88,224
11040 DATA 88,40,69, 1 12, B9, 1

84, B9

Program 4: Atari Animator,
Part 2

PJ 10 POKE 559,0iBO8UB 10001
BOBUB 730I8O8UB 9401 BR
APHIC8 0iPaKE 752,liBD
SUB 2801 A-USRC1535>

U 20 BOBUB 6B0tSGSUB 4601 GO
TO 20

JK 30 R-0ITRAP 120I8OSU8 165
0IOPEN *1, 6,0, "Dt t. *"

Cn 40 INPUT »1 ,BOX«lPRINT BO
XtlSOTO 40

PB 50 TRAP 120iX-NUMBER(l> :G
08UB 160IFA-SA1 X-NUMBE
R(4)+liGDBUB 160

DP 60 FAH-INT(FA/256) iFAL-FA
-FAHt256iBAH-INT(BA/25
6> I SAL-8A-BAH«2S6

EC 70 GOBUB 1701 IF FN«>"" TH
EN 110

IK 90

HP

100

PK

110

HI

120

K 180

IK 190

IS 200

BN210

FP 220

E6 230

He 240

MB 250

DF 75 IF DEV«-"Ci " THEN PRIN
T "tDaWN>PREBB RECORD
AND PLAY ON TAPE"
LH 80 OPEN ttl,B,0,FN«iPUT ttl
,FALiPUT #l,FAHiPUT ttl
.BALiPUT #1,SAH
FOR A-FA TO SA

PUT •! , PEEK(A> iNEXT A

■CLOSE ttl

QOSUB 16701 RETURN

TRAP 327671 IF PEEK (19

5><>136 THEN PRINT "

C3 DDWN>5YSTEM ERROR

"(PEEK (195)
BC 130 PRINT "<DOWN>HIT ANY

KEY TO CONTINUE"! POKE
764, 255
Nl 140 IF PEEK <764> -255 THEN

140
AC 150 GOBUB 16701 CLOSE «liR

ETURN
NC 160 Y-X-liSA- (X-(INT<Y/7)

*7) )«72-KINT(Y/7) ) *20

4B-i-lB36ei RETURN
AB 1 70 DN»- " " I FN*- " " 1 BOBUB 1

6501PRINT "{4 DDWN>EN

TER FILENAME"

INPUT DN«I IF DN»-"" T

HEN 240

PRINT "<3 DOMN>TAPE 0

R DISK"! POKE 764,255

IF PEEK(764)-4S THEN

DEV*-"Ci "iBOTO 230

IF PEEK (764) -SB THEN

DEV»-"D: ":SOTO 230

GOTO 200

FN«(3,LEN(DN«>+3>-DN«

lFN«(l,2)>0EV«

RETURN

TRAP 120ieOSUB 1701 IF
FN*-"" THEN 110
1(1255 IF DEV*-"Cl" THEN PRI

NT "(D0WN>PRES8 PLAY

ON TAPE"
HP 260 OPEN «1 , 4,0,FN«l6ET tt

l,FALi8ET ttl.FAHiBET

ttl,SALiBET ttl,8AH!FA-

FAL-<-256*FAHi 8A-8AL-I-2S

6tBAH
(F 270 FOR A-FA TO 8A + 64iBET
•l,BlPOKE A,BiNEXT A

IBOSUB 1670ICLO8E #l!

RETURN
DA 280 BOX*-" {3 NXDOMN}

t4 LEFT>{B>

{3 SPACES} {V> {DOMN>

tS LEFT}{B>

{3 SPACES} <V> {DDWN>

tS LEFT}tB}

{3 SPACES} {V} {DOWN}

{4 LEFT} {3 H}t4 Up}

{RIGHT}"
DJ 290 PRINT "{CLEAR}"
00 300 FOR A-0 TO 12 STEP 6i

POSITION 2, A
HP 310 FOR B-1 TO 7iPRINT BO

X«)>NEXT B
BF 320 NEXT A
BH 330 POSITION 4, Si PRINT "1

C4 8PACE8}2

{4 8PACE8}3

{4 SPACES}4

{4 SPACES}5

{4 8PACES}6

{4 SPACES}?"
DJ 340 POSITION 4,lllPRINT "

8{4 SPACES}9

{4 SPACES} 10

{3 SPACES} 11

{3 SPACES} 12

{3 SPACES} 13

C3 SPACES} 14"
i:il350 POSITION 4,17iPRINT "

15(3 SPACES} 16

August 1985 COMPUTEI 65

{3 BPACeS>17
C3 SPACES>18
C3 8PACES>19
(3 SPACES}20
t3 8PACES>21"

0)360

E"-9iF0R B-0 TD 30 ST

EP SiE-e + "?

|;E370

FOR A-1 TD 13 STEP 6l

CHAR-33

11380

FOR D-0 TO 2IPQBITI0N

3+B,fl+D

Fl 390

FOR C-0 TO 2l PRINT CH

R« (CHAR+C-KE) 1

O£400

NEXT CiPRINT "tDDWN>

£3 LEFTJ "( 1 CHAR-CHAR+

3

NEXT DlNEXT AlNEXT B

III 410

HK 420

POSITION l,19i PRINT »

START PICTURE

t7 SPACE8>END PICTURE

EB430

?1 440

HJ 450

Ml 460

BK 470

EJ 480
C8 490
EE500

C)S10

III 520

eN530

DN S40

DD 550
W 560

KL S70
HI 580

|:N590

CC 600

HI 610

HD 620

UN 630

PD 640

POSITION 1,201 PR I NT "

PICTURE NUMBER

C6 SPACES>aVERALL 8PE

ED"

POSITION l,21iPRINT "

SWITCHINB SPEED "

RETURN

JOY-BTICK(0)

ON jaY-4 SOTO 560,560

,480,560,360, 560,500,

560,520,540,560

IF NUMBER (ARRPQS) "21

THEN NUMBER (ARRP08) -0

NUMBER tARRPOS) -NUMBER

(ARRP0B>+1 iQOTO 560

IF NUMBER(ARRPDa) -1 T

HEN NUMBERfARRPQS) -22

NUMBER (ARRPOB) -NUMBER

(ARRPOS)-liBaTO 560

GOSUB 6601 IF ARRP08-5

THEN ARRPDS-0
ARRPOS-ARRPOS+liQDTD
560
aOSUB 6601 IF ARRPOS-1

THEN ARRPOB-6
ARRP03-ARRP0S-1
POSITION COORD (ARRPDS
, 1) , COORD (ARRPDS, 2)
PRINT ">"

IF 8TRIG(0}-0 THEN BO
SUB 1540

KEY-PEEK (764> I POKE 76
4,255

IF KEY-42 THEN GOSUB
1 100

IF KEY-62 THEN B03UB
50

IF KEY-0 THEN BOSUB 2
50

IF KEY-58 THEN GOSUB
30

IF KEY-IB THEN FOR A-
0 TO 511IP0KE A+CHARl
,0iPOKE A+CHAR2,0iPQK
E A-«'CHAR3,0iNEXT A
RETURN

POSITION COORDCARRPOS
, 1 ] ,C0DRD(ARRPQS,2)
PRINT " "iRETURN
FOR A-1 TO 4
POSITION COORD(A, 11+1
64(A<4> , COORD (A, 2)
PRINT NUMBER«A)i" "
NEXT AiPOSITION 36,20
iPRINT NUMBER(A)-10i ■'

RETURN

RESTORE 760tA-1535
READ Bt IF B-256 THEN
A-U8R<1535) iRETURN
NN 750 POKE A, BlA-A+1 I GOTO 7
40

KL 650

(6 660

II 670

A1.6B0

nil 690

PO 700

01(710

HJ 720

OB 730

ID 740

01760 DATA 104,173,46,2,141

, 203,0
« 770 DATA 173,49,2,141,204

JH 780 DATA 160,28,169,2,145

,203
MP 790 DATA 136,192,5,208,24

9, 162
01800 DATA 5,189,102,6,168,

177
U810 DATA 203,9, 12B, 145, 20

3,202
6A820 DATA 16,243,169,64,14

lp«
JtB30 DATA 2,169,6,141,1,2
IIOB40 DATA 169,255,141,108,

6, 173
PI 850 DATA 11,212,208,251,1

69, 192
JI 860 DATA 141,14,212,96,72

, 138
JO B70 DATA 72,238,108,6,173

, 108
AE 880 DATA 6,201,6,208,5,16

9
66 890 DATA 0,141,108,6,170,

189
F6 900 DATA 96,6,141,10,212,

141

!l;910 DATA 9,212,104,170,10

4, 64
J); 920 DATA 72,224,80,224,88

, 224
fH 930 DATA 3,3,11,14,17,20,

256
fl 940 0RlBINAL-57344iCHARl-
lB432iCHAR2-204B0lCHA
R3-2252BI CHAR0-24576
EC 950 FOR A-ORIBINAL TD ORI

GINAL-l-1024
6H 960 D-A-ORIQINALi V-PEEK<A

>
116 970 POKE CHARl+D, Wi POKE C
HAR2+D, ViPOKE CHAR3+D
, VI POKE CHAR0+D, VtNEX
T A
00 960 RESTORE 9901 FOR A-246
64 TO 246B7iREAD BiPO
KE A,BiNEXT AlRETURN
£6 990 DATA 48,48,48,253,255
,48, 43, 48, 0, 126, 126, 1
26, 126, 126, 126,0,255,
129, 129, 129, 129, 129, 1
29,255
I! 1000 DIM BOX«<50)|DIM NUM
BER(5) iDIK B« (5) iDIM
BINARY«<64} iDIM FN*
( IS) iDIM DEV* (2) I DIM
DN«(17>iDIM COORDfS
,Z>
ff 1010 POKE 732, 1 I RESTORE 1
0301 FOR A-1 TO SiNUM
BER(A)-liFDR B-1 TO
2
HI 1020 READ Cl COORD(A,B) -Ci

NEXT BiNEXT A
U 1030 DATA 0,19,0,20,0,21,

20, 19,20,20
KE 1040 ARRPOS-1 1 RESTORE 106
0IFDR A-1 TO 64iREAD
B
CH 1050 BINARY«<A, A)=CHR«(Bt

l-t-44) I NEXT A
BB 1060 DATA 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0
,1,1,0,1, 1,1,0,0, 1,0
,1,1,1,0, 1,0,1,0,0,1
, 1,0,0,0,0, 1,1,1,0,1
, 1,0,0,1,0, 1,0, 1,0,0
HE 1070 DATA 0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0

,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0
PJ 1060 DLl-PEEK (560)-t-2S6«PE
EK (561) tODL^PEEK (DLI
+4> !0DH=PEEK(DLI+5)

KK 1090

DL 1100

PD 1110

MH 1120

BI 1130

EJ 1 140

LE 1 150

OB 1160

EH 1170

EK 1180

KL 1190

EC 1200

ND 1210

LJ 1220

AB 1230

CF 1240

U 1250

Fl 1260

06 1270

06 1280

OJ 1290

HC 1300
OC 1310

OF 1320

KH 1330

KI 1340

NL 1350

M 1360

n 1370

HA 1380

m 1390

NL 1400

DH 14 10

6F 1420

HH 1430

BL 1440

KL 1450
IL 1460

IK 1470

in 1480
EC 1490

RETURN

BOSUB 1110IGOTO 1200

NU-NUMBER<2) -1 i POKE

756,96

SA- (NUMBER (2>-( INT <N

U/7) «7> >»72+(INT(NU/

7) ) »2048+lB36B

BOSUB 1650

R-01 B-0iNR-8lFOR A-S

A TD aA+71 iP-PEEK (A)

HB-INT (P/16> +I1LB-P-

16t (HB-1 >+l

POSITION 8«8,RtPRINT

BINARY* (HB«4-3,HB«4
} (BINARY* (LB (4-3, LB*
4>|

R-R+liIF R-NR THEN R
■NR-aiS»B+lj IF 8-3 T
HEN R-R+BlNR»NR+8lS-
0

NEXT A
RETURN
POSITION 31,16lPRINT

NUMBER(2)
FOR A-0 TO 2tFaR B-0

TO 2
POSITION 30+B,ll+AlP
RINT CHR«(33+B+A»3)
NEXT BiNEXT A
A-UBR (29000) I IF FL-0

THEN LOCATE DX,DY,7
OX"DXlOY-DYi POSITION

DX.DYtPHINT "+"|
JOY-STICK(0) -4
ON JOY GOTO 1230, 129
0, 1300, 1360, 1310, 132
0, 1330, 1360, 1340, 135
0, 1360
DX-DX+iiDY-DY+liBOTO

1360
DX-DX+liDY-DY-liBOTD

1360
DX-DX-l-llBDTO 1360
DX-DX-liDY-DV+1 ■ GOTO

1360

DX-DX-llDY

1360
DX-DX-liQO
DY-DV+liQO
DY-DY-1 I BO
IF DX>23 T
IF DY>23 T
IF DX<0 TH
IF DY<0 TH
IF STRIB(0
-0 THEN FL
) «l+44
IF 8TRIB(0
FL-0
POSITION 0

CHR* (Z) I
KEY-PEEK (7
64,255
IF KEY-IB
-0 TO 23iF
231PQBITI0
T CHR* (45)
EXT ft
IF KEY-42
IF KEY-6 A
2X21 THEN
0INUMBER (2
)+llQOTO 1
IF KEY-14
(2) >l THEN
0lNUMBER(2
)-llBOTD 1
IF KEY-61
UMBER (2)
IF KEY-10
NUKBER(2) I
UMBER(2)-S
1101 NUMBER

■DY-1 iBOTO

TO 1360
TO 1360
TD 1360
HEN DX-0
HEN DY-0
EN DX=23
EN DY-23
)-0 AND FL
-1 iZ-(Z-44

)<>0 THEN

X, OYjPRINT

64>iP0KE 7

THEN FOR A
OR B-0 TO
N A,BiPRIN
I I NEXT Bi N

THEN 1510
ND NUMBER (

GOSUB 152
)-NUMBER (2
100
AND NUMBER

BOSUB 152
>-NUMBER (2
100
THEN SHP»N

THEN TEMP-
TEMP2-SAI N
HPl BOSUB 1
(2)-TEMPi S

56 COMPUTEI August 1"965

A-TEMP2iQ0TD 1200
m 1S00 aOTD 1240
LB 1510 G08UB 1670IBOSUB 1S2

0IRETURN
U 1S20 FOR A-0 TO 71 ■ POKE S

Ai-A,PEEK<245B4 + A) I NE

XT A
H 1330 RETURN
U 1S40 IF 8TRIG<0)-0 THEN 1

S40
1I1SS0 GOSUB 1&S0IPOKE SS<7,

46iPDKE t23,llPDKE 7

0S,8iPOKE 70&,BiPOKE
707,8lPOKE 53277,31

POKE 54279,92
KF 15&0 SP-NUMBER (1 ) lEP-NUnS

ER (4) iDIR-BQN (EP-SPJ

lS8>NUHBER<3> i DB-NUM

BER (5) -10
01 1570 S-AB8(a8) /3*25&i IF Q

S<0 THEN 0-2SS-INT(S

/256) I R-S- (235-0) «25

6iS-Q*2S&+R
Mt 1SB0 OS-B
IH 1390 FOR PN-SP TO EP STEP

DIR
CJ 1600 A«>USR<29132, PN,08)
P£ 1610 TD-TD-liIF TD<0 THEN
TD-22-SBlNEXT PNlBD

TO 1590
FH 1620 KEY-PEEK(764) iPOKE 7

0S,KEYiPaKE 706, KEY:

POKE 707, KEY
AD 1630 IF 8TRIG(0}<>0 THEN

1600
}f 1640 FOR A>3324e TO 53251

iPOKE A,220lNEXT AlQ

08UB 1670IRETURN
DC 1650 POKE 54286, 64iP0KE 8

8,0iPaKE 89,100iPOKE
DLI+4,0iPOKE DLI+S,

100
HH1660 T-PEEK< 106) iPOKE 106

, 104iPRINT CHR«< 125)

iPOKE 106,TlRETURN
JJ 1670 A-USR< 1535) iPOKE DLI

+4,0DLiPQKE DLI+5,0D

HiPOKE BB.ODLlPOKE 8

9,aDHi RETURN

Program 5: Apple
ANIMATOR2 Maker

Version by Tim Victor, Editorial

Programmer

Please refer to "COMPUTE I 's Guide to Typing

In Programs" before entering ttiese listings.

24 80 FOR I = 126 » 256 TD I + 1
45S; READ A: POKE I, A: NEX
T
F5 90 PRINT CHR* (4);"BSfiVE ANIM

ATDR2,A«7E00,L«5B0"! END
17 100 DATA 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,

0
82 110 DATA 0,0,0,0,0,216,120,13

3,69, 134,70
7t 120 DATA 132,71,166,7,10,10,1

76,4, 16,62,48
13 130 DATA 4,16,1,232,232,10,13

4,27,24, 101,6
55 140 DATA 133,26,144,2,230,27,

165,40, 133,8, 165
iJ 150 DATA 41,41,3,5,230,133,9,

162,8, 160,0
n 160 DATA 177,26,36,50,48,2,73

, 127, 164,36, 145
9C 170 DATA 8,230,26,203,2,230,2

7,165,9,24, 105
it 180 DATA 4,133,9,202,208,226,

165,69,166,70, 164
SB 190 DATA 71,88,76,240,253,128

,12S, 128,128,190, 128

53 200 DATA 128,128,128,128,128,

190, 128, 190, 128, 128, 128
U 210 DATA 188,230,176,152,128,

152, 128, 128, 188,230,246
i3 220 DATA 238,230,188,128,128,

152, 156, 152, 152, 152, 188
E8 230 DATA 128,128,188,230,176,

140,230,254, 128, 128, 188
n 240 DATA 230,176,224,230,188,

12B, 128, 176, 184, 180, 254
EC 250 DATA 176,176,128,128,254,

134, 190,224,230, 188, 128
14 260 DATA 128,188,134,190,230,

230, 188, 128, 128,254,224
Bl 270 DATA 176,152,140,140,128,

128, 188,230, 188,230,230
F: 2B0 DATA 188,128,128,188,230,

230,252, 176, 132, 128, 128
?( 290 DATA 152,176,254,254,176,

152, 128, 128, 190, 190, 190
21 300 DATA 190,190,190,128,0,0,

0,0,0,0,0
IB 310 DATA 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,

0
ID 320 DATA 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,

0
B7 330 DATA 0,0,0,128,128,152,18

a, 188. 152, 128, 128
i* 340 DATA 128,252,230,230,254,

230,230,128, 128, 190,230
S2 350 DATA 230,190,230,254,128,

128, 188,230, 134, 134,230
Fl 360 DATA 190,128,128,190,230,

230,230,230, 190, 128, 128
«D 370 DATA 254,134,134,190,134,

254, 128, 128, 234, 134, 134
F4 380 DATA 190,134,134,128,128,

188,230, 134,246,230,190
Efl 390 DATA 128,128,230,230,230,

254,230,230, 128, 128, 152
3C 400 DATA 152,152,152,152,152,

128, 128,224,224,224,224

87 410 DATA 230,188,128,128,230,

230, 182, 158,230,230,128
2B 420 DATA 128,134,134,134,134,

134,254, 128, 128,230,254
97 430 DATA 230,230,230,230,128,

128, 190,230,230,230,230
69 440 DATA 230,128,128,188,230,

230,230,230, 188, 128, 128

88 450 DATA 190,230,230,190,134,

134, 128, 128,188,230,230
8A 460 DATA 230,182,236,128,128,

190, 230, 230, 190, 230, 230
(2 470 DATA 128,128,188,230,140,

176,230, 190, 128, 128,254
5D 480 DATA 152,152,132,152,152,

128, 128, 230, 230, 230,230
5D 490 DATA 230,190,128,128,230,

230,230,230,230, 152, 128
3C 500 DATA 128,230,230,230,230,

254,230, 128, 128,230,230
27 510 DATA 230,188,230,230,128,

128,230,230,230, 188, 152
F4 520 DATA 152,128,128,254,176,

152, 140, 134,254, 128,0
94 530 DATA 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,160,0,

162,7
D7 540 DATA 169,196,133,254,169,

132, 133,255,177,254,73
» 550 DATA 127,145,254,200,208,

247,230,255,202,208,242
3B 560 DATA 96,0,0,0,0,0,76,21,1

28,76,83
B! 570 DATA 128,76,130,128,76,23

9,128,76,6,130,76
1* 580 DATA 148,129,76,210,129,1

69,2, 141, 180, 131, 169
82 590 DATA 24,141,181,131,32,31

, 130, 176,48,32,71
!B 600 DATA 131,176,43,32,156,13

1, 176,38, 173, 178, 131
K 610 DATA 133,252,173,179,131,

133,253,32,223, 130,32

« 620 DATA 95,130,32,168,130,23

8, 184, 131, 163,252,24
BB 630 DATA 105,3,133,252,144,2,

230,233,206, 181, 131
04 640 DATA 208,228,96,169,2,141

,180, 131, 169,24, 141
E« 650 DATA 181,131,32,71,131,17

6,29,32,156,131, 176
DE 660 DATA 24,160,3,169,0,153,1

96, 131, 136,16,250
CD 670 DATA 32,223,130,32,168,13

0,238, 184, 131,206, 181
52 680 DATA 131,208,242,96,165,5

6,164,57,201,186,208
FE 690 DATA 4,192,128,240,14,141

,190, 131, 140,191, 131
EC 700 DATA 169,186,133,56,160,1

28, 132,57,32,121, 129
13 710 DATA 169,0,141,194,131,32

,31, 130,176,13, 173

42 720 DATA 178,131,141,197,128,

173, 179, 131,141, 198, 128
DC 730 DATA 96,32,6,130,0,145,40

, 169,48,141,0
3i 740 DATA 2,141,1,2,173,255,25

5,201,100, 144,7
2A 750 DATA 233,100,238,0,2,208,

245,201,10, 144,7
»E 760 DATA 233,10,238,1,2,208,2

45, 103,48, 141,2
FC 770 DATA 2,162,3,169,141,238,

197, 128,208,3,238
F7 780 DATA 198,128,96,32,121,12

9, 169,255, 141, 194, 131
37 790 DATA 32,31,130,176,23,173

, 178, 131, 141,84, 129
CC 800 DATA 173,179,131,141,85,1

29, 169,196, 141, 110,129
98 810 DATA 169,131,141,111,129,

96,32,6,130,0,44
5* 820 DATA 194,131,48,3,76,240,

253,201, 176, 144,4
32 830 DATA 201,186,144,70,72,14

0,195,131,56, 173, 110
3D 840 DATA 129,233,196,240,53,1

41, 182, 131, 169,0, 168
22 850 DATA 201,26,176,214,10,14

1,68, 129, 10, 10, 105
82 860 DATA 255,176,204,121,196,

131,56,233, 176,200,204
88 870 DATA 182,131,208,230,141,

255, 255, 238, 84, 129,208
31 8B0 DATA 3,238,85,129,169,196

,141,110, 129, 169, 131
ED 890 DATA 141,111,129,172,195,

131, 104,96, 141,253,233
9D 900 DATA 238,110,129,208,3,23

8,111, 129,96, 163,34
4F 910 DATA 164,55,201,23,208,4,

192,129,240, 14, 141
CC 920 DATA 192,131,140,193,131,

169,23, 133,34, 160, 129
E4 930 DATA 132,55,96,32,31,130,

176,56, 173, 178, 131

43 940 DATA 141,198,129,208,3,20

6,179, 131,206,198,129
IE 950 DATA 173,179,131,141,204,

129, 169,227, 133, 252, 169
82 960 DATA 142,133,253,160,0,17

7, 252, 160, 72, 145, 252
27 970 DATA 165,252,208,2,198,25

3, 198,252,169,255,197
93 980 DATA 252,208,234,169,255,

197, 253, 208, 228, 96, 32
(9 990 DATA 31,130,176,46,173,17

8, 131, 133,252, 173, 179
iC 1000 DATA 131,133,253,169,228

, 141,250,129, 169, 142,141
29 1010 DATA 0,130,160,72,177,25

2, 160,0,143,232,230
E7 1020 DATA 252,208,2,230,253,1

69 , 255 ,197, 252 , 208 , 236
iD 1030 DATA 169,255,197,253,208

,230,96,173,190,131, 172

August 1 985 COMPUTEI 57

FC 1040 DflTfl 191,131,240,4,133,5

6,132,57,173,192,131
49 1050 DATA 172,193,131,240,4,1

33, 54, 132, 55, 96, 169
E» 1060 DATA 196,141,178,131,169

, 132, 141, 179, 131,32, 165
9a 1070 DATA 131,201,21,144,1,96

, 141, 176, 131,169,0
Bi 1080 DATA 141,177,131,160,3,3

2,64,130,160,3, 173
S8 1090 DATA 176,131,10,46,177,1

31, 136,208,249, 141, 176
Ei 1100 DATA 131,24,109,178,131,

141, 178, 131, 173, 179, 131
44 1110 DATA 109,177,131,141,179

,131,24,96,172,180,131
C4 1120 DATA 200,140,182,131,169

,0, 153, 196,131,136,177
2E 1130 DATA 252,153,196,131,136

,16,248,173, 196,131,9
7» 1140 DATA 127,141,183,131,172

,187, 131,240,21,162,0
72 1150 DATA 14,196,131,189,196,

131,10,62,197,131,232
B8 1160 DATA 236,182,131,208,243

,136,208,235,172, 182, 131
C? 1170 DATA 185,196,131,9,128,4

5,183,131,153, 196,131
5C 11B0 DATA 136,16,242,96,172,1

87,131,183,209, 130,172

77 1190 DATA 182,131,49,254,25,1

96, 131 , 145,254, 136, 185
BE 1200 DATA 196,131,145,254,136

,208,248, 172, 187, 131, 185
41 1210 DATA 216,130,160,0,49,25

4,13,196,131, 143,254
ID 1220 DATA 96,127,126,124,120,

112,96,64,0, 1,3
tC 1230 DATA 7,15,31,63,173,184,

131,41,63, 168, 185
Ffl 1240 DATA 7,131,5,230,133,255

,173,104, 131,41,8
?S 1250 DATA 240,2,169,128,24,44

,184, 131, 112,4, 16
BF 1260 DATA 4,105,40,105,40,109

,186,131, 133,254,96

78 1270 DATA 0,4,8,12,16,20,24,2

8,0,4,8
4? 1280 DATA 12,16,20,24,28,1,5,

9,13, 17,21
24 1290 DATA 25,29,1,5,9,13,17,2

1,25,29,2
BI 1300 DATA 6,10,14,18,22,26,30

,2,6,10,14
71 1310 DATA 18,22,26,30,3,7,11,

15,19,23,27
49 1320 DATA 31,3,7,11,15,19,23,

27,31, 169,0
7B 1330 DATA 141,186,131,141,187

,131,32,165,131,141, 185
IB 1340 DATA 131,192,1,144,18,24

0,1,96,201,24, 144
E9 1350 DATA 1,96,169,36,141,186

,131, 169,4, 141, 187
Cft 1360 DATA 131,169,0,141,198,1

31,169,224,141, 189, 131
F2 1370 DATA 173,185,131,205,189

,131,144,4,237, 189, 131
B7 1380 DATA 56,46,188,131,78,18

9,131,144,239,24, 109
iE 1390 DATA 187,131,141,187,131

,24,173,188, 131, 109, 1B6
ftC 1400 DATA 131,141,186,131,24,

96,32, 165, 131,141, 184
F6 1410 DATA 131,201,192,96,32,1

77,0,32,5,225, 165
8« 1420 DATA 161,164,160,96

Program 6: Apple Animator

FD 100 DIH EX<2,23),M«(8) ,CM»(7)
,MM*(14>!D« - CHR« (4)1 P
RINT D«!"BLDAD ANII1ATDR2"

44

120

D4

130

14

140

ii

150

B5

160

4C

170

44

180

45

190

c <

136

iF

mtK I iwnra ' «• speed z piux ti

BBBBByyyBB

tnSCRT FflflriE Q, P(QT£R SP££D
DELETE FRfRC R SLIH^ SPEED

twncE flOTTon E i,ess miuse £ if¥.iEnr

MWC TIW E imRC PflUSE 5 WIT j

In Ms demonstration of "Apple Anima-
tor," a motorcyclist performs a daring
wheelstand,

SF 110 FOR I = 0 TO 8: READ M« ( I

)) NEXT ! FDR I - 0 TO 7:
READ CM* (1)1 NEXT : FOR

I « 0 TO 14 1 READ «M«(n:
NEXT

GDSUB 530

A* = ""; FDR I = 1 TO 72:

A» - A» + "0 ";A " FRE <0

) I NEXT

BOSUB 650: GOSUB 590

F = 1:AB = 1:AE = 20: AS =
01 AP - 10

ONERR GOTO 1390

GOSUB 710: IF MQ = 1 THEN
HOME ! TEXT ! END

C = PEEK (49152) : IF

128 THEN 180

POKE 49168,0: IF C =

THEN F-F-l+20«

"1)1 GOTO 170
CF 200 IF C = 149 THEN F = F + 1
- 20 * [F " 20) : SOTO 17

0

C = C - 175: IF C < 1 OR

C > 22 THEN 180

IF C < 11 THEN 250
IF C < IB THEN 180

C = C - 7

MG =0: ON C GOSUB 260,11

20, 1210, 1500, 1510, 1520, 16

60, 1670, 16B0, 1690, 1370, 12

50, 1470, 1460, 1440: T ■= FRE
(0)1 GOTO 170
12 260 GDSUB 560 t GOSUB 700! VTA

B 19: HTAB 14: PRINT "EDI

TING BOX "jA
31 270 PRINT "PRESS ESC TO CANCE

L"s HTAB 7: PRINT "RETURN
FDR SAME"; PRINT : PRINT
"STORE RESULT IN BOX " ; :

R« - ""
91 280 XC = 21 + LEN CR*) : VTAB

23: HTAB XC: PRINT ";";
77 290 C = PEEK (49152) : IF C <

128 THEN 290
25 300 POKE 49168,0! IF C = 141

OR C - ISS THEN VTAB 23:

HTAB XCi PRINT " ";: SOTO
360

IF C < > 136 AND C < > 25

5 THEN 340

VTAB 23: HTAB XC! PRINT "
"jl IF LEN (R«) < 2 THEN
R« - "": GOTO 280

R« = LEFT* CR*, LEN (R«)

- 1)« SOTO 280

IF C < 176 OR C > 185 THE

N 290

VTAB 23: HTAB XC: PRINT C

HR» (C - 128) ! !R« - R« +

CHR* (C - 128) iQ = FRE (0

) I GOTO 280
4E 360 IF C = 155 THEN SOSUB 660

! RETURN
fi 370 IF R» = "" THEN AA = A: 6

49

210

CB

220

7!

230

93

240

4«

250

3A

310

AE

320

44

330

AD

340

9!

350

OTO 390

84 380 AA ' VAL (R«) : IF AA > 20

THEN GDSUB 660: RETURN
9fl 390 HBRZ : HOME : GOSUB 1070
F2 400 XP = 184: YP = 44:DX = 65:

DY - 801 eOSUB 980
3A 410 VTAB 7: FDR Q = 0 TO 8: H

TAB 28: INVERSE i PRINT M

ID* ('■ 123456789", Q +1,1)

j: NORMAL i PRINT " " | M* (

Q) : NEXT
BC 420 CALL 32768, A, 206, 12: XC =

0:YC * 0:QF - 0! GOSUB 87

0
44 430 IF QF THEN GOSUB 590: RET

URN
32 440 SC = INT (YC / 8):SA = 10

24 + YC « 128 - SC « 984

+ XC:CC* - ■■ "
84 450 DC* = CC»:CC« = CHR* ( PE

EK (SA) - 128): HTAB XC +
li VTAB YC + l! PRINT OC

♦;

C4 460 C = PEEK (49152)! IF C <
128 THEN T - FRE (0) : GOT

0 450

2E 470 POKE 49168,0: IF OC* = "
" THEN HTAB XC + 1 i VTAB
YC + ll PRINT CC«J

9i 480 FOR D = 1 TO 13: IF C < >

ABC ( MID* ("JLIK1234367

89",D,U> + 128 THEN NEXT

B4 490 ON Q aOSUB 750,760,770,78
0,840, 850 , 870 , 880 , 890 , 990
,1020,1050,1060: SOTO 430

EB 500 I = A » 28 - 24 - 280 t (
A > 10): J - 26 + 80 t (A
> 10)! CALL 32768, A, I, J

EE 510 X = FRE (0): RETURN

m 520 FOR A = 1 TO 20: GOSUB 50

01 NEXT ! RETURN

17 330 POKE 6,0: POKE 7,126: IF

PEEK (48640) - 76 THEN 35

0

POKE 54, 16: POKE 55, 126:

CALL 1002: RETURN

PRINT : PRINT CHR* (4) ; "P

R#A*7E10": RETURN

A = F: RETURN

GDSUB 580: HTAB 1:

"WHICH BOX?")AlA -

) I IF A < 1 OR A >

N 570
2F 580 VTAB 22: HTAB 1: PRINT SP

C( 39)1 RETURN
4F 590 HOME ! HGR2 : HCOLOR= 3
Bfl 600 FOR J = 25 TO 105 STEP 80

! FOR I - 3 TO I + 9 i 28
STEP 28: FOR P - 0 TO 1
9D 610 HPLOT I-P,J-.pTOI +

22 + P,J - P TO I + 22 +

P,J + 25 + P TO I - P,J +
25 + P TO I - P,J - P
FB 620 NEXT j NEXT : NEXT
IB 630 FOR J = 0 TO l! FOR 1 = 1
TO 10! HTAB I t 4 - 2: V

TAB J » 10 + 3: PRINT I +
J t 10: NEXT : NEXT
9B 640 GOSUB 520: GOTO 660
B7 650 POKE 242,0: CALL 32777,0:
FOR I - 0 TO 20! PRINT A

•i NEXT ! CALL 32780: RET

URN
3ft 660 GOSUB 700: XP = 2:YP = 140

iDX - 275: DY - 48: GOSUB

980
AS 670 VTAB 19: FOR I = 0 TO 4:

HTAB 2i INVERSE : PRINT I

1 1 NORMAL I PRINT " " ) MM*

(I) I 1 HTAB 17! INVERSE :

PRINT I + 5)
IB 680 NORMAL : PRINT " " ; MM* ( I

+5)!! HTAB 32i INVERSE :
PRINT CHR* (65 + I)): ND

41

540

!E

550

IB

560

E!

570

INPUT
INT (A
20 THE

58 COMPinei August 1965

2B

690

t!

700

#7

710

n

720

'■FR

RANGE ";A
PRINT "s

ft 730

IF 740

1! 750

47 760

4B 770
58 780
II 790

BB B00

RMAL ! PRINT " "jHMtd +

10>: NEXT

RETURN

HTAB 1: VTAB IS: FOR Q =

1 TO 7; PRINT SPC( 40> i N

EXT s RETURN

VTAB 1: HTAB 1: PRINT

AME "}Fi " "J

HTAB 10: PRINT

Bj° '■;: HTAB IB

HTAB 22: PRINT "SPEED "jA

S)" "s: HTAB 32: PRINT "

PAUSE ";AP;" ";

RETURN

XC = XC - (XC > 0> : GOTO

790

XC = XC + (XC < 20): GOTO

790
YC = YC
790
YC = YC

790
XB = INT (XC / 7):Pri = 2
-" (XC - 7 « XB):T » INT (
EXCXB.YC) / PM)! ON DF GO
TO 000,820: RETURN
IF T = 2 * INT (T / 2) TH
EN EX(XB,YC) = EX(XB,YC)
+ PMj HTAB XC + li VTAB Y
C + 1: PRINT "j">

(YC > 0) : BOTO

(YC < 23> : BOTO

lA

B10

RETURN

SB

B20

IF T < > 2 » INT (T / 2)
THEN EXCXB.YC) - EX(XB,YC
) - PMs HTAB XC + 1: VTAB
YC + 1: PRINT "."5

IE

B30

RETURN

ce

840

QF = 1: RETURN

SB

850

DF = 1: SQSUB B60: HTAB 2
9; VTAB 8: PRINT "3"(! BO
TO 790

a

860

VTAB 8: FOR I = 1 TO 3: H
TAB 29! PRINT " ": NEXT i

GOSUB 860: HTAB 2
9: PRINT "3" 5: RE

RETURN

7E B70 DF ■= 0:

9 I VTAB

turI^j
cd bb0 df = 2: gosub 860: htab 2

9i VTAB 10t PRINT "8"tl B

OTO 790
B! 890 XP = 149: YP = 140: DX = 12

B:DY - 40: GOSUB 980
4B 900 FOR I = 0 TO 3: VTAB 19 +
I: FC3R J =■ 0 TO li HTAB

23 + 9 t J: INVERSE ; PRI

NT I + J « 4;: NORMAL t P

RINT " "I CM* (I + J t 4)i I
NEXT I NEXT
IS 910 C = PEEK (49152) : IF C <

128 THEN 910
K 920 VTAB 18: FDR I = 0 TO 5:

HTAB 22: PRINT SPC( 19) (

NEXT ! POKE 4916B,0!C = C
- 176
El 930 IF C < 0 OR C > 7 THEN RE

TURN
22 940 T = C - 4 « INT (C / 4)sP

0 - 42 » T + (T > 1):P1 -
P0J IF P0 = 42 OR P0 - 8

5 THEN PI - 127 - P0
IB 950 IF C > 3 THEN P0 = P0 + 1

28iPl - PI + 12B
2B 960 T «. T + (T > 2): FOR I =

0 TO 23: VTAB I + Is HTAB
lfEX(0, 1) - P0:E7.<1,I) -
P1:EX<2,I) = P0
« 970 FOR J = 1 TO 10! PRINT MI

D« ("..;. J J ",T + 1,2); J N

EXT I PRINT MID» (■•.;",(T
> 1) + l,l);i NEXT I RET

URN
44 980 FOR P = 0 TO Is HPLOT XP

+ P,YP + P TO XP + DX - P

,YP + P TO XP + DX - P,YP

+ DY - P TO XP + P,YP +

DY - P TO XP + P,YP + P:

NEXT : RETURN
7C 990 QF = 1: GOSUB 1000: BETUR

N
7F 1000 POKE 242,0: CALL 32777, A

A
7D 1010 FOR I = 0 TO 23! FOR J =
0 TO 2i PRINT EX(J,I) i

NEXT ■ NEXT ! CALL 327B0

1 RETURN
F? 1020 HOME ! FOR I = 0 TO 23:

FOR J - 0 TO 2i0 - 127 -
EX (J, I): IF 0 < 0 THEN

0 - 0 + 256
9E 1130 GOSUB 700! IF A < 20 THE

N CALL 32783, A
Bi 1140 POKE 242,0: CALL 32777, A

! PRINT At! CALL 327B0!

FOR A - A TO 20! GOSUB 5

00: NEXT
Ff 1150 GOSUB 660! RETURN
ED 1160 PRINT ■■ -REALLY/";
AS 1170 C = PEEK (49132): IF C <

12B THEN 1170
IF 11B0 POKE 49168,0: IF C = 206

THEN PRINT "NO"! RETURN
B2 1190 IF C = 217 THEN PRINT "Y

ES": RETURN
tC 1200 GOTO 1170
71 1210 GOSUB 560: BDSUB 700: VT

AB 19: HTAB 10! PRINT "D

ELETE BOX ";A;! GOSUB 11

60: IF C = 206 THEN 1240
IE 1220 GOSUB 700: IF A < 20 THE

N CALL 32786, A
flF 1230 POKE 242,0: CALL 32777,2

0! PRINT A«! CALL 32780:
FOR A = A TO 20: SDSUB

500! NEXT
EE 1240 GOSUB 660; RETURN
91 1250 F« = "SAVE": GOSUB 1270:
IF LEN (NS) < > 0 THEN

PRINT ! PRINT D»S"BSflVE

";N«; ",A»a4C4,L«5Ea"
F6 1260 GOTO 590
52 1270 HOME : TEXT : VTAB 2: PR

INT "ESC TO CANCEL, RETU

RN FOR CATALOG"
H 12B0 PRINT ! PRINT F«;" FILEN

AME: "; iN* = ""
15 1290 BDSUB 1320: IF C« = CHRS
(27) THEN N» - "": RETU

RN
CE 1300 IF N« = "" THEN PRINT :

PRINT D« J "CATALOG": GOTO
1280
a 1310 RETURN
flC 1320 T = FRE (0) : GET C»: IF

C« = CHR« (13) OR C« = C

HR« (27) THEN RETURN
Bft 1330 IF C« < > CHRS (127) AND
C» < > CHR« (B) THEN N«

- N« + C»i PRINT C«;: G
OTO 1320

CE 1340 IF N* = "" THEN 1320
2? 1350 HTAB LEN (N») + 14: PRIN
T " "; : HTAB LEN (NS) +
14: IF LEN (N*) = 1 THEN
N« = ""! GOTO 1320
Bft 1360 N« = LEFT* (N*, LEN (N«)

- 1) ! BOTD 1320

JC 1370 F« = "LOAD": GOSUB 1270s
IF LEN (N«) < > 0 THEN

PRINT ! PRINT D»;"BLDAD

";N»; ",A«84C4"
II 1380 GOTO 590
Eft 1390 PRINT : PRINT "AN ERROR

HAS OCCURRED"
5E 1400 PRINT "MAKE SURE THAT YO

U HAVE A FORMATTED"
F9 1410 PRINT " DISK IN THE DRIV

E"
49 1420 PRINT s PRINT "PRESS ANY

KEY TO CONTINUE"
C2 1430 GET W«! GOSUB 590: GOTO

170
BE 1440 GOSUB 700: VTAB 19: HTAB
10: PRINT "QUIT ANIMATO
R"; : BOSUB 1160: IF C =
217 THEN MQ = 1: RETURN
Fi 1450 GOSUB 660: RETURN
«7 1460 CALL 32736: GOTO 520
BD 1470 BQSUB 700: VTAB 19: HTAB
9: PRINT "CLEAR ALL BOX
ES";: GOSUB 1160: IF C =
206 THEN 1490
71 1480 GOSUB 700: GOSUB 650: GO

SUB 520
17 1490 BOSUB 660: RETURN
3i 1500 AB = F: RETURN
9fl 1510 AE = F: RETURN
41 1520 A = AB:QF = 0:AR = 0:AX

= 0
ED 1530 CALL 32771, AO, 60! CALL 3
2768, A, AX, 60! AO = AX: IF
QF - 1 THEN RETURN
BB 1540 C = PEEK (49152) : IF C >
128 THEN POKE 49168,0:
BOSUB 1600
E3 1550 FOR I = 0 TO AP » 5: NEX
T jAR - AR + AS! IF AR >
259 THEN AR = 0
5C 1560 IF AR < 0 THEN AR = 259
Bfl 1570 AX = 2 * INT (AR / 2> ! I
F AE > AB THEN A - A + 1
! IF A > AE THEN A » AB
3B 1580 IF AE < AB THEN A = A -
1: IF A < AE THEN A = AB
BE 1590 GOTO 1530
il 1600 IF C < > 160 THEN 1630
96 1610 IF PEEK (49152) < 12B TH

EN 1610
9J 1620 POKE 49168,0: RETURN
36 1630 IF C = 136 THEN GOSUB 16
GOTO 710

C =« 149 THEN GDSUB 16
GOTO 710
= 1: RETURN

= AS + (AS < 15) : RET

= AS

(AS >

15) :

(AP > 0) : RETU

AP + (AP < 150): RE

70:
IB 1640 IF

60:
13 1650 QF
IB 1660 AS

URN
C2 1670 AS

ETURN
!A 1680 AP = AP

RN
fl 1690 AP

TURN
BC 1700 DATA QUIT, DRAW, MOVE, ERAS

E , CLEAR , SAVE , I NVERT , UPD A

TE, REVERT
91 1710 DATA BLACKl, GREEN, PURPLE

, WH I TE 1 , BL ACK2 , OR ANGE , BL

UE,WHITE2
it 1720 DATA EDIT FRAME, INSERT F

R AME , DELETE FRAME , RANGE

BOTTOM, RANSE TOP
Ei 1730 DATA ANIMATE, FASTER SPEE

D, SLOWER SPEED, LESS PAUS

E
fl» 1740 DATA MORE PAUSE, LOAD, SAV

E, CLEAR, INVERT, QUIT

Program 7: Tl Animator

Version by Patrick Parrish,
Programming Supervisor

10 F0RE=2 I! BACK=12 !s REM

REQUIRES EXTENDED BASIC

20 CALL CLEAR : : GDSUB 480

i ! F-1 i ! L=10 : ! N=l ! !

BE=1 I! E=20 !s SP=0 ::

DL-0 S! FOR 1=104 TO 14

3 :: CALL CHAR ( I , RPT* ( "0

" , 16) ) : : NEXT I

30 CALL MAeNIFY(4)!i DIM B(

16,I6),C*(15),E«(20),IFL

AG(20)!: D«-"DEVICE <DSK

August 1985 COMPUTEI 59

370
390

410

l.FILE OR CSl)?" !! GQSU
B 910 :: CALL SCREEN(BftC
K> : : GOSUB 970
40 CALL KEY(0,K,S):: IF B=0

THEN 40
50 IF K>4S AND K<57 THEN K=
K-4B : : ON K GOTO 170,50
0, 220, 220, 240, 240, 250, 25
0
i0 IF K=66 THEN BOSUB 260
70 IF K=70 THEN GOSUB 270
80 IF K=73 THEN GOSUB 280
90 IF K = 4.9 THEN GOSUB 300
100 IF K=65 THEN GOSUB 330
110 IF K=76 THEN GDSUB
120 IF K=67 THEN GOSUB
130 IF K=81 THEN END
140 IF K=7S THEN GOSUB
150 IF K=6a OR K=83 THEN N=
N-( (N<>n-!N=1) »19) «<K =
a3)+( (N<>20)-(N=20)«19)
«(K=68):: DISPLAY fiT(4,
1 ) :N;
160 GOTO 40

170 CALL CLEAR :: BOSUB 4B0

: ! FDR 1=5 TO 8 : : CftL

L COLOR ( I , FORE, 1 >: ! NEX

T 1 ! ! FOR 1=1 TO 20 : !

CALL CHAR (60+1 t4, E« ( I )

) : : NEXT I

180 GDSUB 490 s: CALL SPRIT

E(#1,60+BE»4, FORE, 100, 1

00):: CALL MOTION(«1,0,

SP«6)

190 FOR 1=BE TO E : ! CALL P

ATTERN (#1 , 60+1*4) : ! DIS

PLAY AT ( 1 , 1 ) : I : : FOR J

=1 TO DL ; : NEXT J : : N

EXT I

200 CALL KEY(0,K,S)i: IF S=

0 THEN 190 ELSE CALL DE

LSPRITE (#1 ) : : CALL CHAR

SET

210 F0RE=F0RE-1 :: GOSUB 27

0 : : FOR 1=5 TO 0 : : CA
LL COLOR ( I ,2, 1 > ! : NEXT

1 : : LF=1 : : GOSUB 910

: ; GDSUB 970 : : GOTO 40
220 IF K=3 THEN BE=N ELSE E

= N
230 GOSUB 1060 :: GOTO 40
240 SP-SP- (SP<>-15> « (K=5) + (

SP015) t (K = 6> : 1 GOSUB 1

060 : ! GOTO 40
250 DL = DL- (DLO0) t (K = 7) + (DL

=0)»(K=7)tl50+(DL<>150)

« (K^S) ~(DL=150) » (K = B) «1

S0 : : GOSUB 1060 : : GOT

D 40
260 BACK=BACK+1+ (BACK=16) «1

4 :; CALL SCRE EN ( B ACK ) s

5 RETURN

270 FDRE=F0RE+1+ (FORE=li) « 1
5 ! ! FOR 1=10 TO 14 : :
CALL CQLDRtI , FORE, 1 ) : ;
NEXT I :: CALL C0L0R{9,
FORE, 16) : : RETURN

280 GOSUB 320 '. : IF A*="N"
THEN RETURN

290 FOR 1=20 TO N+1 STEP -1

: : E« ( I > =E« ( I-l ) : : NEX

T I 5 : Et (N) =RPT* ( "0" , 6

4):: GOSUB 450 :: GOSUB

440 ! : RETURN

300 GOSUB 320 :: IF A«="N"
THEN RETURN

310 FOR 1=N TO 19 :: E* i I ) =
E* ( I + l) : : NEXT I : : E« (
20) =RPT« ( "0", 64) : : BOSU
B 450 ! ! GOSUB 440 : : R
ETURN

320 DISPLAY AT{12,4) s "ARE Y
DU SURE (Y/N) ?" ! : ACCE
PT AT ( 12, 24) VALIDATE ( "Y

60 COMPUTEI August 1985

-^.l 23456789 jo

I ft H I r 1 11 T E 1 E [I I I 3 S T R P T PIC

4 END PIC 5 -SPEED e +SPEeB
7 - 4 I.- I T C H E + S LI T T C H

CiXJSERT PIC DCESLETE PJC
S<fi>VE <;L>CFiD ^C>LEflR -RLL

"TI Animator" makes extensive use of
redefined character graphics.

N" ) : A* ! s IF A«="Y" THE
N RETURN ELSE GOSUB 440

: : RETURN
GOSUB 420 II OPEN ttl:D«
, INTERNAL, OUTPUT, FIXED
B0 ! I PRINT «1 ! FORE : i
PRINT #1:BACK :! FOR I-
1 TO 20 ! : PRINT #1:E*(
I )

PRINT #1 s IFLAB( I ) s ! NEX
T I

330

340
350

360
370

380

390

400

410

420

430
440

450
460

470

4B0
490
500

510

FOR 1-10 TO
COLOR (I, FOR
I : I CALL S

CLOSE «1 It

14 :: CALL

E, 1) : : NEXT

CREEN (BACK)

IF ASC(D«)-67 THEN GOSU
B 970 : : RETURN ELSE GO
SUB 440 : s RETURN
GOSUB 420 :i OPEN ttljD*
, INTERNAL, INPUT , FIXED
80 1 ! INPUT #1: FORE s :
INPUT «1:BACK ss FOR I-
1 TO 20 S! INPUT «1:E*(
I )

INPUT «1 ; IFLAG ( I ) : i NEX
T I : : GOSUB 450 ! : GOT
O 350

GOSUB 320 :: IF A«="N"
THEN RETURN

FDR 1=1 TO 20 : : E* ( I ) =
RPT* ( "0" ,64) ! : NEXT I !
: GOSUB 450 : : GDSUB 44

0 : : RETURN
F"F-(F=1 )tl0+(F-ll)«10

: : L^F+g : : GOSUB 450 :

: GOSUB 460 : i RETURN

DISPLAY AT(12,1):Q$ ::

ACCEPT AT(13, 1) : D« i : I

F D«="" THEN GDSUB 440

RETURN

CALL HCHAR ( 12, 1 , 32, 64) :

s RETURN

J = 0 : : FOR I=F TO L s :

CALL CHAR ( 104+J«4,E* ( I )

) ! s J = J + 1 : : NEXT I : :

RETURN

CALL HCHAR (9, 2, 32, 2) ! :

J-F+l t I FOR 1-2 TO 26

STEP 3 :: DISPLAY AT<9,

1 ) : J : : J = J + 1 : : NEXT I
:: F«=STR*(F):: DISPLA

Y AT(4, 1 ) iNj

FOR 1=1 TO LEN(F*):: CA
LL HCHAR (9, l+I , ASC (SEG«
(F«, I , 1 ) ) ) s ! NEXT I : :
RETURN
DISPLAY AT ( 1 , 7) : "PLEASE

WAIT. . . " ; : RETURN
CALL HCHAR ( 1 ,9, 32, 14) : !

RETURN
DISPLAY AT ( 12, 1 ) : "TYPE
21 TO ABORT, A » 1-20,
OR <ENTER> FOR CURRENT

It ! "

ACCEPT AT(13,27):A« ::
IF A*-="" THEN PN = N : : G

520

530

540
550

560

570

580

590

600

610

620

630

640

650

660

670
680

690
700

710
7 20

730
740
750

760
770
780

DTO
IF A
N 51
J-VA
N BO
IF J
IF J
N = J
IFLA
LL C
2, 1)
<4 S
ISPL

5-1
DISP

B
(5, 2
TO M
(24,
= 1 :
IF I

CHA
E CA
U*)
F« = E
3 ST
F«, I
>9) «
,1+2
1 >9)
D"-l
IFLA
= 0) »
PN) =
- ( IF
DISP
«16,

DIS
) *16
: : N
CALL
9, 33
Q=l
CALL
0 TH
LSPR
IF K
: FL
IF K
GOTO
IF K
t FL
IF K
FOR
CHAR
XT R

620
IF K
DFLA
IFLA
(PN)
00, "
CHAR

GOTO
IF K
RITE
UB 9
GOTO
IF K
: : D
IF K
: : D
IF K
LL D
DFLA
10

C-C +
) t 16
••68)
R-R +
} tl6
= 88)
CALL

S60

«<"1" OR A*>"9" THE

0

L (A«) : :

SUB 440

>20 DR

=N THEN

IF

J=21 THE
GOTO 40
J<1 THEN 510
PN=.N ELSE P

G (PN)
LEAR

1-MOV
PACES>3
AY AT(3
NVERSE
LAY AT(
QUIT" :
) : " (USE
OVE) " !
7) : "FRA
: GOSUB
FLAG (N)
R ( 100, U
LL CHAR

» (N) : :
EP 2 : :
+1,1))-

7 ! ! Dl

, 1 ) ) -48
*7

5* ( IFLA
G (PN) =1
D : : Dl
I ) +D1 » (
LAG (PN)
LAY fiT(
3- ( I >31
PLAY AT
, 7- ( I >3
EXT I

SPRITE
) t ! KHA
: ! R- 1

KEY (0,
EN 630
ITE («1 )
=51 THE
A6-0 : 1
-49 THE

800
-50 THE
AG-0
052 TH
R-1 TO
(6+R, 5,

: : DFL

FLAG

DIS

E 2

-ERA

, 1 ) :

6-DI

4,1)

: Dl

ARR

Dl

ME";

920

= 1 T

«, 10

( 100

(N) : : CA
PLAY AT(
-DRAW
SE" ! i D
"4-CLEAR
SPLAY"
: "7-SAVE
SPLAY AT
OW KEYS
SPLAY AT
PN ! : GF

HEN CALL
1 , " " ) ELS
,"",101,

FOR 1=0 TO 6

D=ASC (SEG* (

48 : ; D«=D+ (D

-ASC (SEG« {F«

D1-D1+ (D

G (PN) =1 ) +D« (
) - ( IFLAG (PN)
=-15* ( IFLAG (
IFLAG(PN) =1)
=0) *D1

7+1/2+ ( I >31 )
) *a) : C« (D) I :
(7+1/2+ ( I >31
1 ] tB) sCS (Dl )

(#28, 96, 14,4
R=101 : : FLA
1 ! C»l

K,S) : I IF S=
ELSE CALL DE

N KHAR=100 !

GOTO 790
N FLAG=1 : ;

N KHAR-101 :

GOTO 790
EN 690

16 : : CALL H
100, 16) : : NE
AG-0 II GOTO

053 TH

G-0 : s
G (PN) -0
=0 THEN
", 101 ,U
( 100, u«

EN 720
IFLAG(PN) =- (
) ! ! IF IFLAG
CALL CHARd
»)ELSE CALL
,101,"")

800
-56 T
(ALL)
10 ! :

40
= 66 T
FLA6-
= 70 T
FLAG-
-54 0
ELSPR
G=l T

HEN CALL
i I LF=1 :
BOSUB 97

HEN GDSUB

1

HEN GOSUB

1

R K-55 TH

ITE (ALL) :

HEN 890 E

DELSP
: GOS
0 : :

260

270

EN CA

: IF
LSE 8

(K«83> + ( (C-1 ) « (K = B3
) -(K-68)- ( (C-16) « (K
(16)

(K-69) + ( (R=I ) « <K = 69
) -(K=>8B) - ( (R-16) * (K
t 16)
LOCATE (*Za,B»R+41,

8«C+2S) ! ! IF FUAB"1 THE

N Bna

7'?0 DFLftE-0 i: CALL HCHflR ( 6
+R,4+C,KHAR)

B00 CALL SOUND (20, 200,5) ; ;
GOTO 630

810 SaSUB 480 :: FDR R-1 TO

i& I ! FDR C-1 TO 16 ! :

CALL GCHAR (6 + R, 4 + C, GO

SI GC-GC-100 :: B(R,C)=

GC 1 1 NEXT C : t NEXT R

820 F«-"" :: IF IFLAG(PN)=0
THEN HEX«="01234567e9A
BCDEF" ELSE HEX *■= " FEDCB
fl9S76543210"

830 FOR R-1 TD 16 : : LDW-B (
R,5) »B + B(R,6> «4 + B<R,7) »
2+B<R, B>+1

840 HIGH-B(R, 1) te+B (R, 2) t4H-
B(R, 3) t2 + B (R, A> +1

850 F«»F«8iSEG« (HEX», HIGH, 1 )
i<SEG« (HEX«,LOM, 1 ) I s NEX
T R : : FOR R-1 TO 16

B60 LOW=B(R, 13) »B+B (R, 14) «4
+B (R, 15) «2+B<R, 16) +1

B70 HIGH=B (R,9) «B+B (R, 10) t4
+B<R, 11) «2+BCR, 12) +1

BB0 F«-F«ScSE6« (HEX«,HIGH, 1)
&SEG«(HEX«, LOW, 1) ! ! NEX
T R I! IF K-54 THEN DFL
AG-1

B90 IF K-55 THEN E*(PN)-F«
s : LF-1 ! : GOSUB 910 : :
GOSUB 970 :: GOTO 40

900 CALL MAGNIFY (4) : -. CALL
CHAR <36, F«) : : GDSUB 490
:j call SPRITE (#1 , 36, F
DRE, 80, 173) : : GOTO 620

910 CALL CHAR t33,RPT* ( "81" ,
O) ,36,RPT«("0" , 14) S<"FF"
, 37, "FF"!<RPT« ( "0", 14) , 3
B,RPT« ( "01"',a) ,39,RPT» (
"B0",8))!! IF LF"1 THEN
LF = 0 i i RETURN

920 U*=RPT» ("F" , 16> : : CALL
CHAR( 100, "", 101 , U«,9 6, "
F09090F"&RPT» ( "0",57) ) !
} CALL COLOR (9, FORE, 16)
! ! IF BF-1 THEN GF"0 t :
RETURN

930 F«°"000000010010001 1010

0010101 1001 1 1 1000 1001 10

1010111100110111101111"

940 FDR 1=0 TO 15 :: Z*=SEG

*(F«, 1*4+1,4) ! ! D$=" "

950 FDR J = l TO 4 ! ! T"iVAL(S

EB« (Z», J, 1 ) ) +100 :! D« =

DtiCHR* <T) s : NEXT J : !

C«(I)=D» :! NEXT I
960 FDR 1 = 1 TO 20 :: E* (I ) =■

RPT« ( "0" , 64) ! ; NEXT I :

: RETURN
970 CALL CLEAR :: DISPLAY A

T < 1 , 10) : "ANIMATOR" : : C

ALL HCHAR (4, 2, 35) : : DIS

PLAY AT (4, 5> s "B =

{4 SPACES>E=<4 SPACES>S

P-C4 SPACES>D="

980

990
1000

1010
1020

1030
1040

1050
1060

CALL VCHA
CALL VCHA

FOR 1=2
s CALL HC
: CALL HC

,37,2)

FOR

1=4 TD 28
CALL yCHAR<6
NEXT I : : GO
GOSUB 450 : :

QOSUB 1060 :

R (6, 1 , 38, 2) :

R(6,31 , 39,2)

TO 29 STEP 3

HAR (5,1, 36, 2)

HAR (B, I

NEXT I :
STEP 3

. 1,33,2)

SUB 460
J»104

FOR 1=2 TO 29 STEP 3 :
: CALL HCHAR (6, I , J) : s
CALL HCHAR (6, I+l , J+2) :
; CALL HCHAR (7, I , J+1 ) :
: CALL HCHAR (7, I+l , J+3
> i : J=J+4 : : NEXT I
CALL HCHAR ( 15, 1 , 49) : !
CALL HCHAR ( 16, 1 , 52) : !
CALL HCHAR (17, I , 55)
DISPLAY AT ( 15, 1 ) : "ANIM
ATE 2 EDIT{3 SPACES>3
START PIC" ! : DISPLAY
AT ( 16, 1 ) : "END PIC 5 -B
PEED 6 +SPEED"
DISPLAY AT ( 17, 1 ) : "-SWI
TCH 8 +SWITCH"
DISPLAY AT (20, 1 ) ! " ( I ) N
SERT PIC D(E)LETE PIC
" : : DISPLAY AT (21 , 1 ) !
"S(A)VE (DDAD (OLE
AR ALL"

DISPLAY AT (22, 1 ) I " (N) E
XT GROUPtt SPACES} (Q)U
IT" : : RETURN
DISPLAY AT (4, 7) : BE; : :
DISPLAY AT (4, 13) : E; : :
DISPLAY AT (4, 20) : SP; : :
DISPLAY AT (4, 26) : STR*
(DL) ScSEGS ( " C3 SPACES}"
, 1 , 3-LEN (STR* (DL) ) ) ; : :
RETURN ©

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Archive:

Two-Drive Backup

for Commodore 64

Philip I, Nelson, Assistant Editor

Now you can copy entire disks at
machine language speed zvith this
convenient backup program for the
Commodore 64 with two 1541 disk
drives. It also works on the now Com-
modore 128 in 64 mode.

Sooner or later it's bound to hap-
pen. You'll make an unconscious
error, or lightning may strike while
you're resaving a program, or the
family dog will chew a few disks for
dinner — and an important disk will
be utterly destroyed. If you have a
backup copy, of course, such acci-
dents aren't fatal. You take a mo-
ment to pat yourself on the back,
pull out the archive disk, and go
back to work.

If you don't have a backup, it's
like watching a gold ring slip off
your finger and go clanking down
the drain. In the long hours spent
reconstructing what you've lost,
you have plenty of time to reflect
on the wisdom of archiving your
work on a regular basis.

Archiving is one of those grim
tasks that's easy to postpone.
BASIC programs (like COPY/ALL
on your 1541 Test/Demo disk) are
slow, and may not copy machine
language (ML) programs or sequen-
tial files. Even good single-drive
backup programs keep you tied to
the computer, tapping your fingers
until it's time for the next disk
swap.

Fast And Convenient

"Archive" offers a better way: It
links two drives together to take the

misery out of backing up important
disks. To speed things up, it's writ-
ten entirely in machine language
and copies only those disk sectors
which actually contain data. But be-
cause it loads and runs just like a
BASIC program, it's easy for any-
one to use, even beginners.

You may find this program
valuable even if you don't own two
disk drives. Put your drive together
with a friend's and swap several
disks during one session. Or bring it
to a user group meeting to speed up
the duplication of public domain
library disks. Since 1541-format
disks work with other Commodore
computers, Archive running on a
Commodore 64 can also copy disks
that will be used with the Commo-
dore 128, VIC-20, Plus/4, 16, and
4040-format PET/CBM. (Of
course, a program written for one of
these machines may not work on
another. Also, Archive cannot copy
Commodore 128 CP/M disks.)

Archive has been tested suc-
cessfully on the Commodore 128 in
64 mode with two 1541 drives. If
the new 1571 drives are truly 1541-
compatible, Archive will work with
them as well, since it uses standard
Commodore disk commands. How-
ever, the 1571 was not available for
testing when this article was
written.

Incidentally, Archive cannot
duplicate commercially protected
software. Protected disks invariably
contain deliberate errors (which
shut down the program) or data
hidden in unused sectors (which
Archive does not copy).

Getting Started

Enter and save Archive using the
MLX machine language entry pro-
gram published elsewhere in this
issue. Here's the information you
need:

Starting address: 49152
Ending address: 51185

After you save Archive, acti-
vate it like a BASIC program by
typing L0AD"ARCH1VE",8 fol-
lowed by RUN. (For this program,
do not use ,8,1 after the LOAD; just
use ,8.) If you're already comfort-
able using two drives, you needn't
read any further, since Archive
prompts you at each step. Just pop a
disk in each drive as instructed,
press the f7 special function key,
and relax while Archive does its
work. (If you've never used two
drives before, see "Setting Up Your
System" below.)

Archive displays your source
disk's Block Availability Map
(BAM) graphically on the screen,
updating the display as copying
proceeds. Thus, you can tell at a
glance how much of the disk is used
and how much has been copied.
The number at the lower right of
the screen shows the sector being
copied; the graphic display shows
which sectors have already been
copied.

If you want to abort the copy
for any reason, press the f 1 special
function key to return to BASIC.
(When you abort the copy process,
the archive disk is incomplete and
may be garbled. You can reuse it
immediately with Archive, but do
not use it for anything else without
reformatting it as explained below.)

62 COMPUTEl August 1985

Once the copy is done, press the f3
function key to copy another disk,
or press fl to quit. Whenever you
exit Archive, it clears the screen and
reports the status of each drive.

Quick Formatting

Since Archive always makes a com-
plete disk copy, it formats the ar-
chive disk with a NEW command.
Formatting renames the disk and
erases everything it contained

Figure 1 shows how to daisy-chain

two drives to your computer. Con-
nect the first drive as usual, then
plug the serial cable from the sec-
ond drive into the extra serial port
connector on the first drive.

When more than one disk
drive is active, each drive must be
given a different device number so
the computer can tell them apart.
The 1541 is factory -set as device 8,
but it can also have device numbers

OPEN 15,8,15
PRINT#15,"M-W"CHRS(119)

CHR$(0)CHRS(2) CHRSOZ + 9)

CHR$(64 + 9)
CLOSE15

2. It's a good idea to verify the
device number change. Put a disk
in the drive, then type LOAD"$",9
and press RETURN to load its di-
rectory. After the blinking cursor
returns, type LIST and press RE-
TURN. If you see the directory, the

Daisy-Chaining TWo Disl< Drives

The second drive is plugged into the first drive's extra serial port connector (rear view).

before. You'll notice that the ar-
chive disk is formatted in only a few
seconds rather than the usual cou-
ple of minutes, and without the
usual knocking sound. To save time
and minimize wear on the drive.
Archive uses a shortened NEW
command: the equivalent of OPEN
15,8,15, "NO:/!ie«ame" without a
disk ID.

The abbreviated NEW com-
mand works only on a disk that has
been previously formatted. To use a
brand new disk, you must prepare
it first with a full NEW command:
OPEN15,8,15,"N0:/i7enflme,/D".The
filename can be up to 16 characters
long. The ID can be any two letters or
numbers and should be unique for
each disk. The 1541 User's Manual
contains more information about for-
matting disks.

Setting Up Your System

Although the Commodore 64 has
only one serial port connector, the
1541 disk drive has two, letting you
hook up more than one drive at a
time. Since the drives are chained
together in a series, this arrange-
ment is often called daisy-chaining.

9-15. Archive uses device numbers
8 and 9, reading from drive 8 and
copying to drive 9. You must always
put the source disk (the original) in
the drive that's device 8 and the ar-
chive disk (the copy) in the drive
that's device 9.

If both of your drives are de-
vice 8, don't despair. You can easily
change one of them to device 9. The
change is temporary; the drive re-
verts to device 8 when you turn off
the power. Here's the procedure;
1. Turn on the drive that you want
to change to device 9. Make sure the
other drive is turned off. Now you
can change the device number
either by running the DISK ADDR
CHANGE utility program on your
1541 Test/Demo disk, or by typing
in direct statements.

To use DISK ADDR CHANGE,
load the program from the 1541
Test/Demo disk and enter RUN.
Follow the program's instructions,
then skip to Step 2 below.

You can also change the device
number by entering the following
statements in direct mode (with no
line numbers). Press RETURN after
you type each line:

change worked and you may pro-
ceed to step 3. If you get an error
(probably 7DEVICE NOT PRE-
SENT), turn off the drive and repeat
step 1.

3. Turn on the other drive. This
drive will remain device 8 (the
source drive). Now load and run
Archive, inserting the disks as ex-
plained in the instructions. The
source (original) disk goes in device
8, and the archive (copy) disk goes
in device 9. As an additional pre-
caution, you may want to write-
protect the source disk by taping
over the notch in the sleeve.

In theory you can daisy-chain
several drives to a 64, but in fact the
1541 doesn't enjoy sharing the seri-
al bus. The drives should always be
turned on one at a time, not simul-
taneously (as would happen with a
power strip). Printer interfaces that
draw power from the 64's cassette
port are notorious for causing disk
errors, and other peripherals can
affect system voltage levels even if
they're not turned on. Depending
on your system, you may need to
unplug other peripherals before
using Archive.

August 1985 COMPUTEI 63

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FOR COMMODORE COMPUTER)

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Name
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zip

CKnpu:e8,a5

Initialization

Before it starts copying. Archive ini-
tializes each disk to test whether
devices 8 and 9 are active and. if
each contains a formatted disk. The
initialization command transfers
information (disk name, ID, etc.)
from the disk into the drive's mem-
ory to prepare it for handling the
disk.

If this step fails, it means one of
the drives is not ready to go. Ar-
chive displays the status of both
drives and returns you to BASIC. (If
you forget to change one of the
drives to device 9, Archive can't
read its status; press RUN/STOP
-RESTORE and proceed as ex-
plained below). Enter these lines in
direct mode (without a line num-
ber) to retry the initialization:

OPEN 1 5,8,15, "I0":CLOSE 15
OPEN 15,9,15, "I0":CLOSE 15

When you enter each line, the
drive motor should run and its red
light should glow. After one or two
seconds the red light should go off
and stay off, and you should be able
to run Archive. If one or both of the
red lights blink continuously, turn
off both drives and repeat the setup
process. The drive makes a knock-
ing sound if you forget to insert a
disk or try to use an unformatted
disk for the archive.

Is Your Drive Healthy?

In ordinary use your drive works
intermittently. It may spend 30 sec-
onds loading a game for you, then
sit idle for 30 minutes while you
play. Copying a full disk with Ar-
chive is far more demanding work,
requiring several minutes of contin-
uous running. If one of your drives
is misaligned, tends to overheat, or
has other mechanical problems,
don't be surprised if you experience
occasional errors. When an error
occurs during the copy process. Ar-
chive stops copying, reports the sta-
tus of both drives, and returns to
BASIC.

Such errors are especially like-
ly to crop up when the source disk
is nearly full. For mechanical rea-
sons it's harder for the drive to ac-
cess the disk's outer area than the
area near the middle. To make
things easy on itself, the drive al-
ways starts storing programs in the
middle of the disk, leaving the out-
er tracks empty until there's no

room left elsewhere.

Archive's BAM display lets
you observe this storage scheme.
When the source disk contains only
a few programs, they'll all be stored
in middle tracks (near track 18), The
outermost tracks (1 and 35) are
usually the last to be used. If your
drive consistently has trouble ac-
cessing outer tracks, it's probably
misaligned. The same problem can
result if the disk was formatted on a
badly misaligned drive.

1541 ML Programming

To shorten and speed up the pro-
gram, all of Archive's 21 variables
and pointers are located in the zero
page (lowest 256 bytes) of memory.
Zero page machine language in-
structions run faster and use less
memory than instructions that ref-
erence higher memory addresses.
The computer can find what it
needs by checking only one byte,
rather than wading through a two-
byte address in search of the same
information. In time-critical pro-
grams like Archive, which execute
certain routines many thousands of
times a minute, the microseconds
you save can add up to a significant
difference in running time.

Many programmers have trou-
ble learning to handle disk files in
machine language. For those who
are interested, here's an outline of
Archive's main routines.

$0852-0863 Initialize device 8

$0864-0878 Initialize device 9

S0879-0918 Enor— report status

S0919-0981 Read BAM from source disk

$0982-0A32 Display BAM and disk name

SDA33-0A7E Short NEW destination disk

S0A7F-0A8F OPEN 3,8,15 command channel

S0A90-0AA0 OPEN 5,9,15 command channel

SOAAl-QAB'l OPEN 4,8,4,"#" buffer cliannel

SOAB5-0AC8 OPEN 6,9,6,"#" buffer channel

S0B94-0C42 Subroutine— copy a block

$0BCE-0C04 Read block from source disk

SOC0S-OC42 Write block to archive disk

S0C43-0C5C Subroutine — initialize disk

SOC94-OCA4 Subroutine — check error channel

SOCCO-OCCB string— BAM Block Read (Ul)

SOCCC-OCDF string buffer— short NEW

SOCEO String—"*" for buffer channel

$0CE1-0CE2 String— "10" to initialize

S0F04-0F0F String buffer— Block Read (Ul)

SOFIO-OFIB String— Block Write (U2)

$0FF3 256-byte data buffer starts here

First the program maps the
source disk's BAM on the screen to
record which sectors contain data.
Then it copies each used sector in
turn, reading it from the source disk
and writing it to the archive disk.
Note that to read a disk sector, you

should always use the Ul direct
access command rather than B-R
(Block Read). Likewise, the U2
command must be used in place of
B-W (Block Write). Despite what
your user's guide says, the B-R and
B-W commands are defective and
should never be used.

Archive: Two-Drive Boclcup

Please refer to the "MLX" article in ttiis Issue
before entering the foltowing listing.

49152
49158
49164
49170
49176
49182
49188
49194
49200
49206
49212
49218
49224
49230
49236
49242
49248
49254
49260
49266
49272
49278
49284
49290
49296
49302
49308
49314
49320
49326
49332
49338
49344
49350
49356
49362
49368
49374
49380
49386
49 392
49398
49404
49410
49416
49422
49428
49434
49440
49446
49452
49458
49464
49470
49476
49482
49488
49494
49500
49506
49512
49518
49S24
49530
49536
49542
4954B
49554
49560
49566
49572
495 7B
49584

:027

:04e,

;020,

:0e5,

!069,

il42,

!232,

il60,

:124,

;004,

il79,

!006,

:008,
:076,
:012,
!l33,
:144,
!013,

:133,
il44,
il69,
:004,
:032,
il95,
:255,
!032,
:015,

tiea,

!l69,
|192,
t255,
t240,
!2ai,
:2S5,
:032,
1032,
:015,

ti6e,

:169,
il92,
1255,
i240,
!201,
!255,
!032,
!l69,
:12a,

siea,

!015,

:255,

!032,
:162,
■ 001,
1 189,
1015,
il89,
:232,
:204,
:255,
Jl57,
:032,
(148,
:076,
:195,
J255,
:030,
!255,
1032,
1208,
1255,
1030,
!l69,
:133,

003,000,
055,055,
020,020,
082,067,
000,000,
033,208,
142,134,
015,032,
133,176,
133,177,
165,197,
201,003,
169,009,
121,008,
032,030,
002,032,
048,021,
032,030,
002,032,
048,003,
003,032,
032,195,
195,255,
255,169,
169,015,
204,255,
032,030,
162,008,
000,032,
255,162,
032,207,
014,201,
065,144,
076,182,
195,255,
231,255,
032,030,
162,009,
000,032,
255,162,
032,207,
014,201,
065,144,
076,242,
195,255,
013,032,
108,000,
013,032,
168,162,
169,000,
192,255,
008,032,
162,224,
255,032,
032,201,
192,012,
224,013,
255,162,
162,000,
243,015,
204,255,
012,165,
121,008,
255,169,
169,123,
171,169,
162,144,
210,255,
245,169,
169,146,
171,160,
004,133,
251,165,

000,158
058,143
020,020
072,073
000,162
142,032
002,169
030, 171
133,178
169,216
201,004
208,246
032,210
169,227
171,169
067,012
169,008
171,169
067,012
076,025
195,255
255,169
169,006
013,032
032,195
169,206
171,169
032,186
189,255
015,032
255,201
032,240
241,032
008,169
032,204
169,224
171,169
032,186
189,255
015,032
255,201
032,240
241,032
008,169
032,204
210,255
003,169
030,171
008,03 2
032,189
169,013
186,255
160,012
192,255
255,162
032,210
208,245
013,032
032,207
232,208
162,015
167,240
169,013
015,032
160,013
018,032
189,243
232,224
013,032
160,013
000,132
165,165
177,133

,050,243
,034,143
,032,144
,086,207
,015,014
,208,027
,028,231
,169,107
,169,193
,133,118
,240,022
,240,202
,255,243
,160,071
,008,250
,165,245
,160,134
,009,014
,165,007
,009,163
,169,175
,005,018
,032,053
,195,229
,255,041
,160,152
,015,076
,255,205
,032,077
,198,004
,013,119
,004,149
,210,061
,015,135
,255,153
,160,001
,015,136
,255,010
,032,137
,198,064
,013,179
,004,209
,210,121
,015,255
,255,213
,162,087
,087,003
,169,089
,186,091
,255,170
,168,105
,169,094
,032,135
,162.123
,000,221
,255,196
,032,010
,198,182
,255,235
,247,176
,032,036
,003,077
,032,023
,195,215
,032,112
,210,252
,015,124
,164,239
,210,005
,032,165
,006,151
,176,214
,252,007

66 COMPUTE! August 1986

49590 1165,178,133,003,165,179,237

49596 1133,004,032,165,012,162,184
49602 t 008 , 169 , 001 , 1 33 , 005 , 165 , 163
49608 ! 166, 037, 005, 240, 006, 169,055
49614 ! 046 , 145 , 251 , 208 , 004 , 169 , 005
49620 1081,145,251,032,093,012,058
49626 : 202, 208, 234, 032, 165, 012, 047
4963 2 ! 162, 008, 169, 001, 133,005,190
49638 1165,166,037,005,240,006,081
49644 ! 169, 046, 145, 251, 208, 004, 035
49650 1169,081,145, 2 51, 032, 093, 245
49656 !012, 202, 208, 234, 032, 16 5, 077
49662 : 012, 162, 005, 169, 001, 133, 224
49668 !005, 16 5, 166, 037, 005, 240, 110
49674 1006,169,046,145,251,208,067
49680 !004,169,0ei,14S, 251,03 2, 186
49686 : 093, 012, 202, 208, 234, 230, 23 3
49692 :165, 230, 176, 230, 178, 230, 213
49698 1 006 , 165 , 006 , 201 , 035 , 176 , 111
49704 :a02, 144, 13 1,169, 056, 160, 190
49710 ! 014, 032, 030, 171, 160, 144, 085
49716 : 162, 000, 185, 243, 01 5, 157, 046
49722 : 207, 012, 232, 200, 224, 016, 181
49728 : 208, 244, 032, 204, 255, 169, 152
49734 1015,168, 162,009,032,186,130
49740 1255,169,000,032,189,2 55,208
49746 1032,192,255,162,015,032,002
49752 1201,255,162,000,189,204,075
49758 1012,032,210,255,232,224,035
49764 !019, 208, 245, 032, 204, 255, 039
49770 1162,015,032,148,012,165,128
49776 1167,240,003,076,121,008,215
49782 1169,015,032,195,255,032,048
49788 : 204, 2 55, 169, 003, 162, 008, 157
49794 1160,015,032,186,255,169,179
49800 1000,032,189,255,032,192,068
49806 1255,169,005, 162,009,160,134
49812 1015,03 2,186,2 55,169,000,037
49818 1032,189,255,032,192,235,085
49824 1169,004,168,162,008,03 2,191
49830 1 186 , 255 , 169 , 001 , 162 , 2 24 , 139
49836 1160,012,032,189,255,032,084
49842 1192,255,169,006,168,162,106
49848 1009, 032, 186, 2 55, 169, 001, 068
49854 1162,224,160,012,032,189,201
49860 1255,032,192,255,160,000,066
49866 1132,006,169,004,133, 165,043
49872 1169,001,13 3,249,16 9,124,029
49878 1133,176,169,004,133,177,238
49884 1169,000,133,250,16 5,17 6,089
49390 1133,251,165,177,133,2 52,057
49896 1162,016,177,251,201,081,096
49902 1208,017,165,197,201,004,006
49908 1208,002,240,091,032,148,19 7
49914 1011,165,167,240,002,208,019
49920 1082,032,126,012,202,208,150
49926 1227,165,249,201,018,144,242
49932 1014,201,025,144,014,201,099
49938 1031,144,014,201,036,144,076
49944 1014,240,056,162,005,208,197
49950 1 010 , 162 , 003 , 208 , 006 , 162 , 069
49956 1002,208,002,162,001,177,076
49962 1251,201,081,208,017,165,197
49968 1197,201,004,208,002,240,132
49974 1028,032,148,011,165,167,093
499B0 1240,002,208,019,032,126,17 5
49986 1012,202,208,227,230, 176,097
49992 1230,249,16 5,249,201,036,17 8
49998 1240,003,076,221,010,169,029
50004 1004,032,195,2 5 5,16 9,006,233
50010 1 032 , 1 95 , 255 , 169 , 003 , 032 , 008
50016 1195,255,169,005,032,195,17 9
50022 1255,032,204,255,165,167,156
50028 1208,031,169,008,133,002,147
50034 I 032 ,067 , 012 , 169 , 009 ,133, 024
50040 1002,032,067,012,169,044,190
50046 1160,013,032,030,171,165,185
50052 1197,201,005,240,007,201,215
50058 1 004, 208 , 246 ,076 , 121 , 008, 033
50064 1076,029,003,152,072,138,107
50070 1072,165,249,032,175,012,087
50076 1165,169,141,011,015,141,030
50082 1 023 , 015 , 141 , 149 , 007 , 165 , 150
50088 1 170 , 141 ,01 2 , 01 5 , 141 , 024 , 159
50094 1015,141,150,007,165,250,134
50100 1032,17 5,012,165,169,141,106
50106 1014, 015, 141, 026, 015, 141, 026
50112 1189,007,165,170,141,015,111
50118 1015, 141, 027, 015, 141, 190, 215

50124 1007,032,254,237,162,003,131

50130 1032, 201 , 255 , 162 , 000 , 189 , 025

50136 1004,015,032,210,25 5,232,196

50142 1224,012,208,245,032,254,173

50148 1237,162,004,032,198,255,092

50154 1162,000,032,173,241,157,231

50160 1243,015,232,208,247,032,193

50166 1254,237,162,003,032,148,058

5017 2 1012,16 5,167,240,003,076,147

50178 1059,012,032,254,237,162,246

50184 1006,032,201,255,162,001,153

50190 1 189 , 243 ,015 , 032, 221 , 237 , 183

50196 1232,208,247,189,243,015,130

50202 1 032 , 221 , 237 , 032 , 254 , 237 , 015

50208 1162,005,032,201,2 55,162,081

502 14 1 000 , 189 , 016 , 015 , 032 , 210 , 244

502 20 1255,232,224, 012, 208, 245, 196

50226 1 032 , 204 , 2 55 , 162 , 005 , 032 , 228

50232 1148,012,032,204,255,104,043

50238 1170,104,168,096,169,015,016

50244 1 168 , 166 ,002 , 032 , 186 , 2 55 , 109

50250 1 169 , 002 , 162 , 225 , 160 , 012 ,036

502 56 1032,189,255,032,192,2 55,011

50262 « 169, 015 , 032,1 95 , 255 , 096 ,080

50268 il69 ,000 , 145 , 003 , 024 , 165 , 086

50274 1251,105,040,133,251,165,019

50280 1252,105,000,133,252,024,102

50286 ! 165 , 003 , 105 , 040 , 133 , 003 , 047

5029 2 1165,004,105,000,133,004,015

50298 1006,005,096,177,251,009,154

50304 1128,145,251,230,250,024,132

50310 1165,2 51,105,040,133,251,055

50316 1165,252,105,000,133,2 52,02 3

50322 1096,169,000,133,167,032,231

50328 1198,255,032,207,255,201,020

50334 1050,144,002,230,167,096,079

50340 1230,165,166,165,189,243,042

50346 1015,133, 166 , 096 , 162 , 048 , 022

50352 1056,233,010,144,003,232,086

50358 1176,249,105,058,134,169,049

50364 1133,170,096,085,049,058,011

50370 1049 , 051 , 032 , 048 , 032 , 049 , 1 99

5037 6 1056,032,048,078,048,058,008

50382 1 032 , 032 , 032 , 032 , 032 , 032 , 142

503B8 1032,032,032,03 2,032,032,148

50394 1032,032,032,032,032,035,157

50400 1073,048,013,013,032,032,179

50406 1201,078,073,084,073,065,036

50412 1076,073,090,073,078,071,185

50418 1032,083,079,085,082,067,158

50424 1069,032,068,073,083,075,136

50430 1032,068,082,073,086,069,152

50436 1046,013,000,013,032,032,140

50442 1201,078,073,084,073,065,07 2

50448 1076,073,090,073,078,071,221

50454 1 032 , 068, 069 , 083 , 084 ,073,175

50460 1078,065,084,073,079,078,2 29

50466 1032,068,082,073,086,069,188

50472 1046,013,000,147,080,082,152

50478 1069,083,083,032,070,051,178

50484 1032,084,079,032,067,079,169

50490 1080,089,032,065,078,079,225

50496 1084,072,069,082,044,032,191

50502 1070,049,032,084,079,032,160

50508 1081,085,073,084,046,046,23 5

50514 1046,009,146,000,013,032,072

50520 1032,210,069,065,068,073,093

50526 1078,071,032,194,193,205,099

505 3 2 1044,032,070,079,082,077,2 28

50538 1065,084,084,073,078,071,049

50544 103 2,065,082,067,072,073,247

50550 1 086 , 069 , 046 , 000 , 147 , 1 42 , 096

50556 1008,213,195,195,195,201,107

50562 1084,082,065,067,075,213,204

50568 1195,195,195,195,195,195,026

50574 1 1 95 , 195 , 000 , 221 , 032 , 032 , 049

50580 1032,032,03 2,032,032,03 2,084

50586 1032,032,032,032,049,032,107

50592 1032,032,032,032,032,032,096

50598 1032,032,050,032,032,032,120

50604 103 2,032,032,03 2,032,032,108

50610 1051,032,032,032,032,032,133

50616 1013,221,032,032,032,049,051

50622 1050,051,052,053,054,055,249

50628 1056,057,048,049,050,0 51,251

50634 1 052 , 053 , 054 , 055 , 056 , 057 , 017

50640 1048,049,050,051,052,0 53,255

50646 1 054 , 055 , 056 , 057 , 048 , 049 ,021

50652 1050,051,052,053,013,202,129

50658

50664
50670
50676
50682
50688
50694
50700
50706
50712
50718
50724
50730
50736
50742
50748
50754
50760
50766
50772
50778
50784
50790
50796
50802
50808
50814
50820
50826
50832
50838
50844
50850
50856
50862
50868
50874
50880
50886
50892
50898
50904
50910
50916
50922
50928
50934
50940
50946
50952
50958
50964
50970
50976
50982
50938
50994
51000
51006
51012
51018
51024
51030
51036
51042
51048
51054
51060
51066
51072
51078
51084
51090
51096
51102
S110B
51114
51120
51126
51132
51138
51144
51150
51156
51162
51168
51174
51180

1032,032,048,013,083
032,049,013,069,032
050,013,067,032,032
013,084,032,032,052
079,032,032,053,013
032,032,054,013,213
032,055,013,221,032
056,013,221,032,032
013,221,032,049,048
221,032,049,049,013
032,049,050,013,221
049,051,013,221,032
052,013,221,032,049
013,221,032,049,054
000,221,032,049,055
029,029,029,029,029
029,029,029,029,029
029,029,029,029,029
029,029,029,029,029
029,029,029,029,029
195,195,195,195,013
032,049,056,029,029
029,029,029,029,029
029,029,029,029,029
029,029,029,029,029
029,029,029,213,195
195,195,195,203,032
032,032,013,221,032
057,029,029,029,029
029,029,029,029,029
029,029,029,029,029
213,195,195,195,195
195,203,032,032,084
065,067,075,032,048
013,221,032,050,048
029,029,029,029,029
029,029,029,029,029
029,029,029,029,221
065,082,067,072,073
069,146,032,083,069
084,079,082,032,048
013,202,195,195,195
195,195,195,195,195
195,195,195,195,195
195,195,195,195,203
080,072,073,076,032
069,076,083,079,078
032,049,057,056,053
000,085,049,058,052
048,032,048,049,032
048 , 085 , 050 , 058 , 054
048,032,048,049,032
048,147,008,014,032
018,042,032,193,210
200,201,214,197,032
042,032,212,087,079
196,082,073,086,069
195,079,080,073,069
032,042,013,013,032
208,085,084,032,083
085,082,067,069,032
073,083,073,032,073
032,068,082,073,086
032,069,073,071,072
044,013,032,032,070
082,077,065,084,084
068,032,068,073,083
032,073,078,032,068
073,086,069,032,078
078,069,046,013,013
032,208,082,069,083
032,018,070,055,146
070,085,078,067,084
079,078,032,075,069
032,084,079,032,066
071,073,078,044,013
032,018,070,049,146
075,069,089,032,084
032,065,066,079,082
032,078,079,087,032
082,032,076,065,084
032 , 046 , 046 , 046 , 000
018,083,079,085,082
069,032,068,082,073
069,032,013,013,000
013,018,065,082,067
073,086,069,032,068
073,086,069,013,013

,032

,210

,032

,203

,051

,227

,013

,214

,082

,029

,032

,120

,032

,135

,057

167

,013

138

,221

097

,032

171

,049

195

,053

206

,013

174

,029

184

,029

234

,029

240

,029

246

,029

2S2

,213

186

,221

,080

,029

,064

,029

,020

,029

,026

,029

,032

,195

,042

,032

210

,049

,255

,029

084

,029

,062

,029

,068

,195

,064

,082

,022

,049

,248

,029

,055

,029

,098

,029

,104

,018

,035

,086

,131

,067

,158

,048

,071

,195

,187

,195

,112

,195

,118

,018

,211

,078

,139

,032

,151

,019

,006

,032

,022

,048

,009

,032

,085

,048

,021

,032

,051

,195

,210

,042

156

,032

,016

,032

,076

,082

122

,032

226

,079

127

.068

221

,078

238

,069

240

,084

237

,079

112

,069

053

,075

253

,082

225

,073

021

,032

123

,083

179

,032

237

,073

091

,089

062

,069

008

,032

219

,032

005

,079

092

,084

078

,079

063

,069

090

,147

055

,067,

108

,086,

110

.013,

102

,072,

029

,082,

128

,000,

234

August 1985 COMPUTEI 67

Atari Color Mixing

This informative tutorial demon-
strates the principles of color mixing
on Atari 400/800, XL, and XE
computers.

Advertisements for home comput-
ers often tout the number of differ-
ent colors that a particular machine
can produce. But little is said about
how these colors are generated on
your TV or monitor screen. Know-
ing some theory behind these tech-
niques can help you produce more
colorful graphics displays.

Atari computers manufactured
after early 1982 can generate 256
color variations, based on 16 differ-
ent hues which each can have 16
luminances (brightnesses), Ataris
made before early 1982 can display
only 8 luminances per hue for a
total of 128 colors, but can be up-
graded by replacing the CTIA chip
with a GTIA chip. Atari colors are
represented by a number from
0-255 using this formula: color
number = hue number * 16 + lumi-
nance number.

The "Atari Color Mixing" pro-
gram listed below demonstrates ad-
ditive color mixing and lets you try
your hand at subtractive color mix-
ing as well. We'll explain these
terms in detail in a moment. For
now, enter and save Color Mixing,
then run- it. The program is quite
simple and contains all the instruc-
tions you need. Just follow the
prompts and refer to the rest of this
article for additional information.

The colors may look better if
you adjust your TV's brightness
control somewhat higher than usu-
al. The exact hues may also vary
depending on the tint setting. Ad-
just the tint for good green and red.

Karl E. Wiegers

and the other colors should be pret-
ty close.

Additive Color Mixing

As every child discovers when
painting with watercolors, the three
primary colors — red, green, and
blue — can be added together in
various combinations to make
many different colors. Thus, red,
green, and blue are known as the
additive primary colors.

When primary colors are com-
bined, new colors appear. White
light is a balanced combination of
red, green, and blue light. Equal
intensities of blue and green light
produce a greenish-blue color
called cyan. Red and blue light mix
to create magenta, a reddish-purple.
And, believe it or not, mixing red
and green light together produces
yellow. Many more colors can be
produced if the primaries are of dif-
ferent intensities. For instance,
combining a given intensity of
green with twice that intensity of
red is equivalent to yellow plus red,
or orange.

Additive color mixing works
with pigments as well as lights.
However, pigment mixing often re-
sults in different colors than those
described above. For example, mix-
ing red and green paints usually
produces brown, not yellow.

In fact, the brown color really
IS a yellow. But red and green pig-
ments usually have far less intensi-
ty than red and green lights.
Besides having a particular hue
(light frequency), a color can have
different levels of luminance (inten-
sity). The effect we usually call color
is actually the combined effects of
hue and luminance. Because red
and green pigments are quite dark

(have little luminance), mixing
them together produces the dark
yellow we commonly call brown,
A color TV or monitor creates
different colors by the additive pro-
cess using colored light sources.
The screens of color TV tubes con-
tain thousands of tiny red, green,
and blue dots (phosphors) which
glow when struck by electrons from
a gun at the back of the tube. If you
examine a color screen with a mag-
nifying glass, you'll see individual
red, green, and blue phosphors. At
normal viewing distances the col-
ored dots merge together and create
additive colors. For instance, adja-
cent red and blue dots look like
magenta. When no phosphors are
lit, the result is black.

Subtractive Color Mixing

Recall that if red and blue lights are
combined, the resulting color is ma-
genta. There's also another way to
produce magenta — you can shine
white light through a magenta-
colored filter. White light contains
all the primary colors, but the filter
absorbs the green light, allowing
only the red and blue light to pass.
In other words, a magenta filter
subtracts or blocks out green light. If
you place a green filter and a ma-
genta filter in front of a white light
source, all light should be blocked
out: The green filter blocks red and
blue, and the magenta filter blocks
green. The final result is black. For
this reason, green and magenta are
termed complementary colors (ma-
genta is also sometimes called mi-
nus green).

Similar logic applies to the oth-
er primary colors: A cyan (blue +
green) filter subtracts red light, and
a yellow (red + green) filter sub-

6S COMPUTEI August 1965

tracts blue light. Red and cyan (mi-
nus red) are complementary, as are
blue and yellow (minus blue).

Cyan, magenta, and yellow are
called subtractive primary colors.
Just like the additive primaries (red,
green, blue), the subtractive prima-
ries can be mixed into virtually any
combination of hue and luminance.
But the process is reversed. Addi-
tive color mixing works by sending
specific colors to your eye, while
the subtractive process removes spe-
cific colors from a color-rich light
source, leaving only complemen-
tary colors. Most color photograph-
ic systems are subtractive, using
cyan, magenta, and yellow film
dyes.

Color Mixing uses color num-
bers which — on my system — come
closest to producing the six additive
and subtractive primary colors (see
lines 270-280). Of course, colors
can vary greatly from one TV or
monitor to the next. Cyan is a little
difficult to display; my choice for
cyan would look a bit greener, but
my computer won't cooperate. The
blue is also darker than you might
expect, but blue in a color mixing
sense is actually quite dark.

Additional Techniques

Note that each display screen in
Color Mixing uses several different
Atari graphics modes. The heading
is displayed in graphics mode 1,
other text is in mode 0, and the
color squares are drawn in mode 3.
Mixed-mode screens like this are
created by modifying the comput-
er's display list, a set of instructions
which tells the computer how to
put data on the screen. The Color
Mixing program modifies display
lists in lines 210, 1010-1020,
1210-1240, and 4010-4020. (You
can read more about modifying dis-
play lists in COMPUTEI's First Book
of Atari and COMPUTEI's First Book
of Atari Graphics.)

Atari computers can ordinarily
display up to five colors at a time.
But some of the screens in Color
Mixing show nine colors. This is
accomplished with a display list in-
terrupt (DLI). A DLI is a short ma-
chine language routine that, among
other things, can change the con-
tents of color registers while the
computer is displaying each video
frame. This technique lets you cre-

ate graphics with extra colors on
various parts of the screen. (For
more information, consult De Re
Atari, published by Atari, Inc.)

The program's colored boxes
are drawn in graphics mode 3 using
character strings for graphics stor-
age (lines 310-320). Here is the text
equivalent of this display:

AAAAA CCCCC BBBBB

AAAAA CCCCC BBBBB

AAAAA CCCCC BBBBB

AAAAA CCCCC BBBBB

When the computer displays a
string in a nontext graphics mode
with the PRINT#6 statement, the
letters A, B, and C show up as
different-colored pixels. The letter
A appears as a pixel with the color
taken from color register 0; the let-
ter B uses color register 1; and the
letter C uses register 2. A SET-
COLOR or POKE statement which
changes the value in color register
0, for example, would change the
color of the A box. This technique is
used in lines 4170 and 4210-4220.
Line 4270 erases the boxes by set-
ting all their colors to black. As
Color Mixing demonstrates, it's far
more convenient to store these
graphics in strings than to use
PLOT, DRAWTO, or XIO fill
statements.

Atari Color Mixing

Please refer to "COMPUTEI's Guide to Typing
In Programs" before entering this listing.

AJ 10
KH 15

IE 25

F6 3a
HE 40

FH S0

LI ba

it 70
CS 00

nt 90

IE 100
W 110

PK 120
OA 130

U 140

DIM A*

Di« <&0

S(6, 6)

DIM RE

BLUE«(

NTA« ( 1

CKf ( 1 )

A«-"AA

C»-"CC

BL« (1 )

)-BL«:

GRAPH I

DMENT.

FOR 1"=

1«( I , I

I Dl« (3

DATA 7

162, IB

,23,20

DATA 1

141,0,

DATA 1

Dl« (3S

• (37,3

D2«=D1

« (121 }

ST-AD

DIS (4

1«<53

ST«ST

Dl* < 1

1C(23

ST-AD

(S) , B*(S) ,C«<5) ,
) , D2« ( 180) ,KOLOR
, BL« (3S}

D»(l ) , SREEN»(1) ,
1 ) ,CYAN« ( 1 ) , MAGE
) , YELLDW»(1) ,BLA

AAA"iB«>°"BBBBB'*:

CCC"

=CHR« (32) iBL«(35

BL*(2) -BL«

CS 0i ? ! 7 "ONE M

1 TO 3

) >c:hr«

1 ) »D1*
2,138,
0, 141,
B

42,24,
2, 169,
04, 170
, 35)=C
7) -CHR
•: D2« (
-Dl»
R (Dl«)
S,4S)-
,53)-C
+30: GD

s, ie>==

,23)=C
R(D2«>

0! READ
( A) iNE

72, 169
10,212

208, 16
0, 141,
, 104,6

:HR« (10
C (0)
61 ) -Dl

tSOSUB
CHR» (L
HR* (HI
SUB 40
CHR* (L
HR» CHI
: GOSUB

A: D

XT I

,66,
, 141

9,0,
1,2

4

) I Dl

f: D2

400
D) : D
)

0

D) :D
)

400

LN 150

D2«(16a, 168) -CHR* (LQ)

lD2*(173, 173) -CHR* (HI

)

FOR 1-18 TO 138 STEP

El 160

30

Pf 170

ST-ST-t-301 BOSUB 400

C? 180

D2* (1,1 )-CHR»(LO) 1 D2*

(1+5, I+5)-CHR*eHI )

CC 190

NEXT I

HI 200

D2« ( 132, 132) -CHR* (22)

HF210

DL-PEEK (540) +256«PEEK

(561 )

LB 220

RESTORE 240JFOR I-l T

0 iiFDR J=l TO 6

BJ 230

READ AtKOLORS ( I , J)-Ai

NEXT J. NEXT I

IIC240

DATA 66,26,86,4,82,40

,26, 1B0, 116. 164,4,200

HE 250

DATA 86,116,146,150,1

02,4,4, 164, 150,116, 14

6, 180

m 260

DATA B2, 4, 102, 146, B6,

6 6,40, 200,4, 1B0, 66, 26

Dt 270

RED*=CHR* (66) ! GREENS=

CHR* (180) :BLUe»=CHR*<

146)

BD 2B0

CYAN* = CHR* (116) ! MAGEN

TA»-CHR* (86) : YELLDH«=

CHR* (26) ! BLACK«=CHR« (

0)

JS 290

GOTO 2000

HP 300

POKE B7,3:6DSUB 500

KB 310

FOR 1=0 TO SiPDSITlDN

5, I:? «6jA«!P0SITIDN

16,1:? #6; C«

DC 320

POSITION 31,1:? i6;B«

iNEXT I:RETURN

PL 350

POKE B7,0;GD5UB 500:B

ETURN

GJ 400

HI = iNT (ST/256) :LD=>ST-

256*HI;RETURN

JI1500

HMEM=256tHMEM+LMEM+BY

TE

EI 510

LMEM=HMEM-256*INT (HHE

M/256)

a 520

HMEM=INT(HMEM/2 56)

W 530

POKE Ba,LMEM:POKE 39,

HMEMs RETURN

H6 600

OPEN #1,4,0, "K: " : GET

#1,AjCL0SE #1:RETURN

Ft 1000 POKE 559,0:POKE 752,

1
NP 1010 POKE DL + 3,70:PQKE DL

+6,134:PDKE DL+14,13

H 1020 FDR 1=7 TO •13:P0KE D

L+I,S:NE)(T I

10 1030 ST = ADR(DI«) sGOSUB 40

0:POKE 512,LD:P0KE 5

13, HI

EJ 1040 LMEM = PEEK(BB) !HMEM = P

EeKCa9)iP0KE 710, 0!P

OKE 542B6, 192SRETURN

HI 1200
U 1210
BS 1220

nt 1230

HH 1240
ED 1250

EN 1260

PO

1

FO

:P

DA

.2

DA

,B

PD

ST

01

13

LM

EE

OK

KE 5
REST
R 1 =
OKE
TA 1
, 130
TA 1
, 136
KE D

ADR
POKE

HI
EM = P
K (89
E 54

i59,0:POKE 752,

•ORE 1220

:6 TO 24sREAD A

DL+I,A!NEXT I
134, B, B,B, 136,2

9, e, B, 8

36, 2, 2, 130, 8,8

L+3, 70

(D2«) : GOSUB 40
512,LOiP0KE 5

EEKOB) !HMEM = P
) ! POKE 710, 0:P
2B6, 192: RETURN

2000 GRAPHICS 0:GOSUB 100
0;POKE 708,146:PDKE
71 1 , 40

_J

August 1965 COMPUTEI 69

KQ 2010

Dlt {5,5>=GREEN«sDl»(

DH 2680

IF A=27 THEN 2000

AGENTA + YELLOW

7,7)=REDSiPDKE 559,3

NJ 2690

GOTO 2670

<4 SPACES>=

4

W 3000

GRAPHICS 0!GDSUB 100

<5 BPACEBJRED"

DJ 2020

POKE B7, 1 : BYTE=0!GOS

0!POKE 70S,26!PDKE 7

IC 3660

POSITION 5,38? "Id^AL

UB 500

1 1 , 40

[m TD SO ON, |=i.-Tt- TO

BA 2030

POSITION 6, 0! ? #6i "E"

IL3010

Dl» (5, S)=MAGENTA*!D1

REVIEW" ;

^4 ^% r^ 1 I VH. t ^m j^ "w r^ f* * ^^ ^^ ^r

rr «»i'i^" : ? #6; •■

* (7, 7 ) =CYANS > POKE 55

LL 367 0

GOSUB 600: IF A=155 T

(3 SPACES>lrJ*1„MJJM*..

OK 3020

9,34

POKE 87, l!BYTE=0!BOS

HEN 4000

V ^" r^ ^^ ^ ^ 1 ■ ^* b 1 ^r >v rfv >v

lW.1,lMi"

BJ 36B0

IF A=27 THEN 3000

CB2040

PDKE 87, 3! BYTE-40iGO

UB 500

NL 3690

GOTO 3670

BF 2050

SUB 500

FOR 1=2 TO 5:P0SITID

PC 3030

POSITION 5, 05? #65 "E

nft 4000

GRAPHICS 0: GOSUB 100
0

Lll^^iM^+ty--;" : ? #6; '■

N 5,1;? #6; ft*! POSITI

{3 SPACES J raJlitlji-'MjE

PF 4010

FOR 1=6 TD BiPOKE DL

ON 17,1;? #6; BS: PDBI

n^uEdU"

+I,6:NEXT I s POKE 0L+

TION 30, Is? #6;C«: NE

CC 3040

POKE a7,3!BYTE = 40! GD

9, 134

XT I

SUB 500

HP 4020

FOR 1=10 TD 14!PDKE

CE 20^0

POKE B7, 0! BYTE=e0:GO

KB 3050

FDR 1=2 TO 5SPDSITID

DL+I, 8: NF.KT I ! POKE D

SUB 500

N 5, I I? #6; A»: PDSITI

L+15, 136

Aft 2070

POSITION 5,0!? "BLUE

DN 17, I:Z «6;B*:P0SI

IS 4030

POKE 71 1,401 POKE 708

fS SPfiCES>GREEN

TION 30, I:? #6;C«:NE

,0

{9 SPflCESJRED"

XT I

IC 4040

Dl«<5, 5; -BLACK* ; Dl*(

HB 2080

POSITION 2,4

CF 3060

POKE S7, 0t BYTE=a0:GO

7,7) =BLr-.c;<*

LD 2090

? "These ar» the liUK

SUB 500

CQ 4050

POKE 559,34

S***Jl:m-J^HZ\:^:V,":y "co

]fl3070

POSITION 4,0:? "YELL

OP 4060

POKE 87, 1 : BYTE=0:GDS

lors. The eye sees t

0Wt6 SPACES>MAGENTA

UB 500

he cDmblnation"

{8 SPACES>CYAN"

PD 4070

POSITION 2,1:? #6; "E

61 2100

? "o-f blue, green, a
nd red as white.";?

E30B0
IK 3090

POSITION 2,4

7 "These are the i-^il--

UitlAjtA'Ji* J:».«r:l:iV" : V

riiTifi ^^^-TJh■n'^^^-tl-^j" : po

SI TION 3,2:7 #6;"::H5

"Pairs of these prim

aries are"

"colors. A yellow -f i

HO 40B0

BYTE=100: GOSUB 300:8

Kl 21 10

? "perceived as new

L! 3100

lt«r subtracts"

? "the blue companen

HH 4090

YTE"=60i GOSUB 350
POSITION 12,0:? #6; "

colors, the"!? "•^■i>*i

rTT?r»**i'J=«d:*«i:l:V. colo

t out of white"!? "1

+"!P0BITION 24,0!? tt

rs. "

ight, only passing t

6! " = "

BK2120

POSITION 5,13:7 "I:];*!

he red and"

BJ 4100

POSITION 9, 4i? #6; "1

nrnr to go on, r^^r^ td

EC 3 1 1 0

? "green components.

-REDC7 SPACESJ4-CYAN

QUIT";

Yallow and blue"!?

>'

LE 2130

GOSUB 600! IF fl=155 T

"are thus called rar

FF 4 1 1 0

POSITION 9,5:? #6; "2

HEN 2500

l=IJ*=<=l=i.'b*:l;l.-«rf.lB.!:,.1. "

-GREENES SPACES>5-MA

PO 2140

IF ft=27 THEN GRAPHIC

KK 3 120

PUSITIUN 5, 13:7 "Ifl^i

GENTA"

S 0:END

m;J: TO BO ON, lri=ttj lU

OP 4120

POSITION 9,6:7 #6; "3

NH 2150

GOTO 2130

REVIEW";

-BLUEt6 BPACES>6-YEL

CE 2S00

GRftPHICS 0:GOSUB 120

Le3 130

GOSUB 600; IF A=155 T

LOW"

0!POKE 70B,l46sPOKE

HEN 3500

KC 4140

POSITION 2,9:? #6; "E

71 1 , 40

DE 3 140

IF fl=27 THEN 2500

NTER A COLOR NUMBER!

FH 2530

D2« (5, 5)=MfiGENTft«t D2

tIJ 3150

GOTO 3130

r

»!7,7)=RED*:D2«<65;6

CE3500

GRAPHICS 0!GQSUB 120

5 ) =CYAN»

0:POKE 708, 116:PQKE

KJ 414S

GOSUB 600:Cl=A-4e

EL 2540

D2«(67,67)=GREEN*:D2

71 1 , 40

31 4150

IF CKl OR Cl>6 THEN

« ( 125, 125)=REDt

OL 3530

D2» (5, S>-BLUE*!D2* (7

? CHR* (253) i sGOTD 4

Ft 2550

D2* (9 5, 95) =YELLOWt! D

, 7)=MAGENTA«iD2«<65,

145

2«(127, 127)=GREENt

65)-GREEN«

EJ 4 170

? «6(CliPDKE 709, KOL

DC 2560

POKE 559,34

Hi 3540

D2» (67,67) - YELLOW* iD

0RS(C1 , CI ) ; POSITION

PB 2570

POKE 87, 1 : BYTE=0; 60S

2*(125, 125>=MAGENTA«

7, 0i ? i6;Cl

UB 500

LB 3550

D2» (95, 95)= YELLOW* SD

KG 4180

POSITION 2,10s? #65 "

JK 2580

POSITION 3,0:7 «6i "E

2»< 127, 127)=RED*

MIX IT WITH COLOR NU

EE 2590

Dl>3560
PE 3570

PDKE 559,34

POKE 87, l!BYTE=0!GDS

KD 41S5

MBER : " ;

GOSUB 600:C2=A-4S

BYTE=40) GOSUB 300SGO

SUB 350

POSITION S, 1 ! 7 #6; "B

UB 500

KB 4190

IF C2< 1 OR C2>6 THEN

tt 2600

HL 3580

POSITION 1,0:? 1*65 "E

? CHR* (253) ; : GOTO 4
JS5

LUEC3 SPfiCES>+

m iy ^ j^T-fc 4Vi-m it»:-h rtr "

f4 SPACESJRED

EF 3590

BYTE=40: BDSUB 300:GO

JD 4210

? #6;C2!D1« (7,7) =CHR

b ^T kJ J rt h^ ^ 1-* rf 1 ■ ^" *^

C5 SPACES}^

SUB 350

* (K0L0RS(C2, C2) ) !POS

{4 SPflCES>MftGENTA"

NJ 3600

POSITION 5, Is? »6j "C

I TION 18,0!? #6jC2

HL 26 10

BYTE=120!GOSUB 300:B

YAN(3 SPACESJ+ MAGE

BH 4220

D1*(5,5)=CHR* (KQLORS

EO 2620

YTE=40!ODSUB 350
POSITION 5, i ! ? #6; "B

NTA<4 SPACEB>=
t4 SPACESJBLUE"

(K 4230

(CI, C2 ) >
POSITION 6, 12:? tt6t "

LUEC3 SPACESJ+

flK 3610

BYTE=120:GOSUB 300:B

i:(=*1'J:(; TO DO MORE, d

<:3 SPACES>GREEN

YTE=40| GOSUB 350

SG TD QUIT"

<4 SPACESJ=

it 3620

POSITION S, l!? #6; "C

LB 4240

GOSUB 600: IF A=155 T

{5 SPACES>CYAN"

YAN{3 SPACES>+

HEN 4270

HN 2630

BYTE=120;6OSUB 300!B

t3 SPACES>YELLOW

K 4250

IF A=27 THEN GRAPHIC

LF 2640

YTE=40; GOSUB 350
POSITION 6,1s? #65 "R

<4 SPACES>=

(4 SPACES>BREEN"

HP 4260
OL 4270

S 0! END

GOTO 4240

POKE 70S,0! Dl* (5, 5)=

EDtS SPACES>+
iZ SPACEBJSREEN

«B 3630

POKE 87, 3; BYTE=120:G
OSUB 500:FDR 1=0 TO

BLACK*: Dl* (7, 7)=BLAC

K*

POSITION 7,0: ? #6; "

{4 SPACES>=

3

DH 42B0

It 2660

{5 SPACESJYELLDW"

BN 3634

POSITION 5,1:? #6; A*
iPOSITION 16, I:? #6;

":POSITION 18,0!? tt6

POSITION 5,3!? "cnaii

rrr to bo on, 1=4^^ lu

B*iPOSITION 31,1:? «

IE 4300

FOR I»9 TO 12!P0SITI

REVIEW" J

6;C*!NEXT I

DN 2, Is? #6tBL*jNEXT
IiGOTO 4140 ^

LJ 2670

GOSUB 600: IF A=155 T

PL 3638

BYTE=40!GOSUB 350

HEN 3000

EA 3640

POSITION 4,1:? »6; "M

70 COMPUTEI August 1 985

Mousor:

Escape Mode Cursor
For The Apple Ho

J, Bloke Lambert, Assistant Editor
Tim Victor, Editorial Progrommer

This short, fast utility makes it simple
to use your Apple Uc mouse controller
for editing iji BASIC or the machiiie
language monitor in escape mode.

Despite all the improvements Ap-
ple incorporated into the lie, the
screen editing features when using
BASIC or the machine language
monitor are not much better than
those available on the lie. Without
an editing support package, it is
difficult to copy and correct pro-
gram lines. And there is no way to
use the mouse controller to make
editing easier.

In BASIC, usually you end up
making corrections by just typing
the incorrect line all over again.
This wastes time and effort. The
alternative is to use what Is called
escape mode editing.

"Mousor" makes using escape
mode easy. By rolling the mouse
over an area of the desk smaller
than a 3 X 5-inch index card, you
can cursor (mousor) anywhere on
the screen.

How To Use Mousor

To start mousing around with Mou-
sor, type in and save the program
below. It's a BASIC loader which
creates the Mousor machine lan-
guage routine in memory. (Note:
Save the BASIC loader on disk
before running it for the first time.)
When you run Mousor, it automati-
cally checks to see if you're using
DOS 3.3 or ProDOS and then ad-
justs itself accordingly. When the
BASIC prompt reappears, you'll
have a mouse-driven escape mode
cursor. If you don't understand es-
cape mode editing, see the instruc-
tions below.

The mouse is trained to work
like this:

1. Click the mouse button to acti-
vate escape mode.

2. While holding the button down,
roll the mouse across the desk to
move the escape mode cursor.

3. Release the mouse button to exit
escape mode.

Mousor locks out keypresses
while it is in escape mode, so if you
want to use the escape editing func-
tions (like ESC-E to erase the end of
a line), press the ESC key.

Getting A Line Of BASIC

When you type a line of BASIC on
the Apple lie, a routine called
GETLN puts the characters into a
special area of memory called the
input buffer. The first character on
the line is stored at the start of the
input buffer, and subsequent char-
acters are added to the end of the
buffer. This continues until you
press the RETURN key to enter the
line (with a few important excep-
tions). The computer clears the rest
of the current screen line and stores
the carriage return character into
the input buffer to mark the end of
the line.

When you make a mistake
while entering the line, like typing
the wrong character, it's easy to fix.
For example, if you are entering a
line such as 10 PRINT "HELLP"
and notice you pressed P instead of
O, you can press the left-arrow key
(also called backspace) to back up
and change the letter. Instead of
storing the backspace in the buffer
like other keypresses, GETLN
treats it differently.

GETLN keeps track of the
length of the input buffer by point-
ing to the end. When GETLN re-

ceives a backspace character, it
lowers the value of the pointer by
one. This removes the last character
in the buffer, so all you need to do is
continue typing.

If you don't notice your mis-
take until you've typed in several
more characters, you can use the
left- and right-arrow keys to make
the correction. Press the backspace
key until the cursor is on the letter
you want to change. Type the cor-
rect letter, and then press the right-
arrow key (also called retype) until
the cursor returns to the end of the
line.

Each time you press the retype
key, the character currently under
the cursor is added to the input
buffer and the cursor is moved to
the right. In effect, you have re-
moved several characters from the
buffer, changed the character you
wanted to correct, and retrieved the
rest of the characters one by one
from the screen.

Now For The Triclcy Stuff

Unfortunately, you can't always
catch your typing errors before you
press RETURN. Often, you don't
even know there's a problem in a
line until you've run the program.
Since the retype key allows you to
pick up characters from the screen
and add them to the input buffer, it
would be handy if you could copy
most of the bad line and type only
the characters you want to change.
This requires a way to move the
cursor around the screen without
affecting the input buffer.

Pressing the ESC key puts the
lie into escape mode. In this mode,
the arrow keys move the cursor but
don't change the input buffer. The
lie indicates escape mode by dis-
playing a different cursor — an in-
verse plus sign. To leave escape
mode, press ESC again.

Suppose you want to edit the
following line in escape mode:
100 PRINT "THIS IS A TEDT"

If the line is not on the screen,
you'll need to LIST 100. Press ESC
to enter escape mode and move the
cursor up to the L At this point, the
input buffer is empty. Press ESC
again and use the retype key to
place the cursor on the D. This en-
ters all but the last three characters
into the input buffer. Now type the

August 1985 COMPUTE! 71

letter S, and press retype twice, fol-
lowed by RETURN. If you like,
LIST 100 to verify the correction.
To edit the same line with
Mousor, you would LIST the line,
click the mouse button and drag the
cursor to the 1, and release the
mouse button. After this, follow the
same editing procedure.

Mouse Moves

You can also use escape mode to
grab pieces of program lines. Mou-
sor is especially adept at this, since
movement is so easy and quick. Just
keep in mind that when the mouse
button is down no characters are
added to the buffer.

To copy a line, first LIST it.
Then enter the number for the new
line you want to create, click the
mouse button and drag the escape
mode cursor to just beyond the
original line number, and release
the button. Copy the line by press-
ing the right-arrow key until you
reach the last character, and then
press RETURN.

Inserting is another useful
technique. LIST the line first, then

mousor (click and drag the escape
mode cursor) to the beginning of
the line number. Release the mouse
button and right-arrow across the
line until you reach the point where
you want to insert characters. Press
the mouse button and mousor to a
blank line on the screen, then re-
lease the button and type the insert
characters. Click and drag up to the
listed line again, release the button,
and right-arrow to the end. After
making any changes, don't forget to
press the RETURN key to enter
them.

Mousor For Apple He

Please refer to "COMPUTEI's Guide to Typing In
Programs" before entering this listing.

DE 10 IF PEEK (191 * 256) - 76 T

HEN SOSUB 40: BOSUB S0! GQ

TO 30
AC 20 GOSUB 50: GOSUB 40
2E 30 FOR 1 = 11 TO 207: READ fl:
POKE I + 7i8,Ai NEXT i CA

LL 768 I END
il 40 FOR I = 0 TO 10s READ A: P

OKE I + 768, Ai NEXT i RETU

RN
13 50 FOR I = 0 TO 10! READ As N

EXT 1 RETURN
E7 60 DATA 216,169,67,141,50,190
4E 70 DATA 169,3,141,51,190

IE 80 DATA
7J 90 DATA
F7 100 DATA

2

^^ 110 DATA

7C 120 DATA
EA 130 DATA
IF 140 DATA
K 150 DATA
K 160 DATA

96
EF 170 DATA
;2 180 DATA
U 190 DATA
ii 200 DATA
SS 210 DATA
2B 220 DATA
74 230 DATA
FE 240 DATA
FB 250 DATA
M 260 DATA

S0
n 270 DATA
M 280 DATA
!C 290 DATA

04
E: 300 DATA
» 310 DATA
a 320 DATA
41 330 DATA
M 340 DATA
IF 350 DATA

9
82 360 DATA
19 370 DATA
C7 3S0 DATA
IF 390 DATA
C9 400 DATA
il 410 DATA
IS 420 DATA

169,67, 133,56, 169,3
133,57,32,234,3
120, 162, 196,160,64,3

2S, 196, 169,0, 141, 120
4,141, 120,5,141,248
5,169,8, 141,248,4
169,0, 162, 196, 160,64
32, 176, 196, 169, 1, 162

196.32. 176. 196. 162.1

32,132, 196, 169,1, 162
196, 160,64,32,61, 196
88,96, 145,40,32,76
204,44,99, 192, 16, B
32, 112,204, 16,246,76
37,253,218,90,72, 169
4,141, 124,4,141,252
4,32,187,3,32,195
3,44,99, 192,16,9

104.32. 179. 195. 122.2

76,69,3, 173,124,4
240,7,201,8,144,25
162, 156,44, 162, 136, 1

32,179,195, 138,32,88
205, 32, 195, 3, 72, 169
4,141, 124,4,32, 187
3,173,252,4,240,7
201,8, 144,25, 162, 138
44, 162, 159, 104,32, 17

195, 138, 32, BS, 205, 32
195,3,72,169,4, 141
252,4,32,187,3,76
102, 3, 162, 196, 160, 64
32, 107,196,96,32,29
204,72,41,128,73, 171
32,179,195,104,96 0

Commodore 64 Headliner

Create attention-getting headlines
and titles with this oversized alphabet
for the Commodore 64.

Nearly every program uses titles or
headlines of some sort, and you
ordinarily want titles to look as im-
pressive as possible. But the stan-
dard Commodore character set
doesn't permit much variety. You
can use different character colors or
print in reverse video, but the let-
ters are still pretty small. "Commo-
dore 64 Headliner" lets you create
truly striking titles and headlines
with an alphabet that's four times
bigger than normal.

Enter and save Headliner from
the listing below, then run it. After
a short pause to form the new char-

Robert F Lambiose

acters, the program prints the al-
phabet in giant, quadruple-size
characters. The letters can be any
color, and the standard-size alpha-
bet is available, too. The only thing
you give up are reverse video char-
acters, since Headliner redefines
them as large characters.

Using Headliner

Headliner is easy to incorporate in
your own programs. The first step is
to include lines 100-350 (they can
be renumbered, of course) to create
the new character set, The program
begins storing the new character
definitions at memory location
12288. The statement POKE
53272,29 (see line 240) tells the
computer to look at this memory
area for character definition data.
Use POKE 53272,21 to switch back

to normal characters.

After defining the new charac-
ters, Headliner prints the expanded
alphabet (lines 400-405) and a title
(lines 410-430). Whenever a string
of large characters is to be printed,
the characters are defined as a
string (X$). Then two important
variables (SL and CC) are defined.
Finally, the statement GOSUB 500
calls the subroutine that puts the
big characters on the screen. The
subroutine analyzes each character
in X$; if it is not a space character,
its pattern is POKEd into screen
memory.

The variable SL sets the posi-
tion of the large characters on your
screen. The 64's screen is divided
into 25 rows and 40 columns, giv-
ing a total of 1,000 different loca-

72 COMPUTEI August 1985

tions. Each screen memory location
has a different address, and they
are numbered in order, beginning
at the upper-left corner of the
screen. The upper-left screen posi-
tion is location 1024; the next loca-
tion to the right is 1025, and so on.
Color memory is a second 1,000-
byte memory area that corresponds
to screen memory. By POKEing the
right number into color memory,
you can control the color of any
screen memory location. Your Com-
modore 64 User's Guide has maps
that show the numbers for every
screen memory and color memory
location, as well as a list of all the
color numbers.

To place large characters on
the screen, find the location you
want using the screen memory map
in your user's guide, then set SL to
that value. The upper-left corner of
the first large character appears at
the location defined by SL, and the
others follow in order. For example,
to start printing large characters at
the upper-left corner of the screen,
use the statement SL=1024.

EADLINER

ABCDEFGHIJKLM
HOPQRSTUUWXVZ

Note that the title above the
alphabet uses a large character to
begin a line of standard characters,
somewhat like a super-capital let-
ter. Line 420 of the program sets the
computer to start printing again at
the next location after the last ex-
panded character.

Pick Your Colors

The variable CC sets the color of
the large characters using the color
numbers listed in your user's guide.
Line 410 of Headliner uses the
statement CC = 3 to print in cyan.
Use the statement CC= 1 to print in
white, and so on.

There may be times when you
want to print large characters in the
current character color. Line 400 of
Headliner does this with the state-

ment CC = PEEK(646). Location
646 always contains the current
color number for PRINTing
characters.

The 64 actually has two alter-
nate character sets: One is used in
uppercase/graphics mode, and the
other is used in lowercase/upper-
case mode. You can switch from
one mode to another by pressing
SHIFT-COMMODORE. Since Head-
liner works only in uppercase/
graphics mode, you should disable
the SHIFT-COMMODORE key
combination to prevent the user
from accidentally destroying the
display. To do this, insert PRINT
CHR$(8) at the beginning of your
program. When the program ends,
type PRINT CHR$(9) to restore
things to normal.

Building Giant Characters

Each large character is actually four
redefined characters placed togeth-
er. (To see this more clearly, type
POKE 53272,21 and press RE-
TURN after the program has run.)
The standard Commodore 64 char-
acter set contains 256 characters,
numbered from 0-255. Characters
0-127 are the "normal" characters
and characters 128-255 are the
same characters in reverse video.
Since each character definition
takes eight bytes, a full set of char-
acter definitions requires 2,048
(8*256) bytes.

The first step in redefining
characters is to copy the standard
character set from ROM (Read Only
Memory) into RAM (Random Ac-
cess Memory) where it can be al-
tered. The program does this in
lines 200-240. The new character
set begins at location 12288. Since
we only want characters 0-127
from the standard set, only those
character definitions are copied.

Next the program POKEs the
expanded character definitions into
the memory area that would other-
wise store reverse video character
data (see lines 300-350). The bit
pattern of each standard character
is mapped into a four-character-
sized memory area, using conver-
sion values stored in the T() array.

Since each large character defi-
nition takes four times the memory
of a standard definition, we have
room for a maximum of 32 (128/4)
expanded definitions. That's

enough for 26 letters, but not
enough space to hold ten numeral
definitions, too. However, you
could squeeze in six more charac-
ters— perhaps punctuation or other
symbols.

By sacrificing all the standard
characters, you can get as many as
64 large characters — but remember
to define a space character so you
can still clear the screen. The Com-
modore 64 Programmer's Reference
Guide contains much more infor-
mation about using redefined
characters.

Headliner

please refer to "COMPUTEI's Guide to Typing
in Proorams" before entering tfiis listing,

100 DIMT ( 15 ):POKE53281,0: POKES
3280,0jPRINTCHR5(3) sG=5427
2 : rem 24

110 P0KE646,1 jFORJ=0TOi5:READT
(J) :NEXT srem 93

120 DATA 0,3,12,15,48,51,60,63
,192,195,204,207,240,243,2
52,255 I rem 220

200 PRINTCHR5(147)TAB(125)"DOW
NLOADING THE CHARACTER SET
":G=53248:GN=12288:rem 113

220 POKE 56333, 127sP0KE1,51jF0
R Q=0TO1023iPOKEGN+Q,PEEK(
G+Q) :NEXT :rem 89

240 POKEl,55!POKE56333,129:POK
E53272,29 irem 196

300 PRim'CHR5(147)TAB(12 5)"FOR
MING THE LARGE CHARACTERS"
tPOKE133i2,0 :reni 15

320 FORR=0TO212STEP8: 81=12288+
R!B2=13312+4*R irem 19

330 FORI=0TO4STEP4:FORK=0TO3iJ
=PEEK ( Bl+K+I ) jN=B2+2* ( K+I )
+ 1 :reni 233

340 X1=T( (JAND240)/16) :X2=T(JA
HD15) srem 197

350 POKEN,XlsPOKEN+l,Xl:POKElI+
16 , X2 : POKEN+17 , X2 : NEXTK, I ,
R :rem 72

360 PRINTCHR?(147} : rem 20

400 XS="ABCDEFGKIJKLH":SI,=1270
!CC=-PEEK(646) sGOSUB 500

:rem 110

405 X$="NOPQRSTUVWXYZ":SL=1350
.•CC=PEEKC646) :GOSUB500

;rein 27

410 X$="H":SL=1158:CC=3:GOSUB
[SPACE J 500 srem 62

420 NS=SL+40:POKE210,INT{NS/25
6) tPOKEZ09TSS AHD 255

trem 179

430 P0KE646,7!PRINT"EADLINER":
FORJ=1TO10:PRINT: NEXT: END
I rem 70

500 FORP=lTOLEN(X5)lL=(ASC(HID
9 ( X$ , P , 1 ) ) -641 *4+128 : IFL=0
THEN550 srem 111

530 P0KESL+G,CC!P0KESL+1+G,CC«
POKESL+40+G ,CC : P0KESL+41+G
,CC ;rem 137

540 P0KESL,L:P0KESL+1,L+2:P0KE
SL+40,L+1 tPOKESL+41 ,L+3

I rem 241

550 SL=SL+2iNEXT: RETURN trem 5

August 1985 COM)>UTGI 73

Using The Commodore
USR Function

The USR function provides a conven-
ient way for BASIC programs to call
machine language subroutines — and
it's more versatile than the SYS state-
ment. Although this article is oriented
toward the Commodore 64, the gener-
al principles apply to all Commodore
computers. A demonstration program
shows how to add five new functions
to Commodore 64 BASIC.

It's often overlooked, but the USR

function is a powerful and conven-
ient tool for accessing machine lan-
guage (ML) routines from BASIC.
In its simplest form, USR works just
like the more familiar SYS com-
mand, SYS makes the computer
halt BASIC program execution and
jump to an ML routine at a specified
address. When the ML routine is
done, BASIC resumes what it was
doing. SYS lets you jump anywhere
in the computer's memory, to a sys-
tem routine stored in Read Only
Memory (ROM) or a user-written
ML program stored in free memory.

To see an example on the
Commodore 64, move the cursor to
a blank line somewhere near the
middle of the screen, type SYS
59626, and press RETURN. SYS
59626 jumps to the computer's
ROM scrolling routine: The screen
scrolls up and the blinking cursor
reappears.

Although USR requires a little
preparation, it's much easier to use
after the preparation is done. Let's
call the same scrolling routine with
USR. Type the following line in
direct mode (without a line num-
ber) and press RETURN.

POKE 785,234; POKE 786,232:
A = USR(0)

The screen scrolls upward, just
as it did when you typed SYS

Keith R. Bergerstock

59626. The POKEs set up the rou-
tine's address for USR. This method
looks cumbersome, but the POKEs
are needed only once. Afterward
you can call the scrolling routine
whenever you like, just by entering
A=USR(0). Program 1 below con-
tains a formula that automatically
performs the correct POKEs to pre-
pare any address for USR.

Like PEEK and other BASIC
functions, USR must be followed
by a value in parentheses. How-
ever, in the simplest case (when
you just want to jump to an ML
routine), the value and the preced-
ing variable name are both irrele-
vant: You get the same result with
A=U5R(XYZ) or GG = USR(123456
78). You can even use PRINT
USR(X), though that usually prints
something on the screen.

Parameter Passing

The real value of USR lies in its
ability to pass parameters (values)
back and forth between BASIC and
machine language. To see how this
works, type in and save Programs 1
and 2 below. Then run Program 1;
it puts a short, multipurpose ML
program in memory and sets up the
USR address vector (a pair of memo-
ry locations that point to the ML
routine).

The variable SA in line 10 de-
fines the starting address of the ML
routine. This ML program is re-
locatable, so you can put it else-
where if you like. For instance, to
put the routine at 49152, change
line 10 so that SA=49152 and re-
run Program 1,

The rest of line 10 converts the
address into low byte /high byte for-
mat for the USR vector. Since 255 is
the largest number any single
memory location can hold, the

computer must use two adjacent
locations to store addresses like
59626. Program 1 stores the high
byte of the address in the variable
HI% and the low byte in LO.

Line 20 POKEs LO and HI%
into vector locations 785 and 786.
You must always put the target ad-
dress in these locations before using
USR. The rest of Program 1 POKEs
the ML into the computer's memo-
ry. To use this technique in your
own programs, just duplicate the
method shown in Program 1.

If you get an ?ILLEGAL
QUANTITY error message when
experimenting with USR, it proba-
bly means that you forgot to put a
vector address in 785-786. When
you turn the computer on, the vec-
tor in 785-786 points to 45640, the
BASIC routine that prints that
message.

USR works virtually the same
on all Commodore computers; the
only difference is the location of the
USR vector. You'll find it at loca-
tions 1-2 on the VIC-20 and
812-813 on the Commodore
Plus/4 and 16. The other vectors
mentioned below also are located
in different places on various
machines.

Using USR

Program 1 provides five handy
functions which you select by in-
serting a number from 0-4 in the
parentheses after USR. For an illus-
tration, plug a joystick in port 2,
then load and run Program 2 after
running Program 1 to install the
ML. As you move the joystick, the
program prints the joystick direc-
tions on the screen. To exit the pro-
gram, press the fire button.

Line 50 of Program 2 does the
important work. The statement

74 COMPUTEI August 1985

JV = U5R(3) calls the ML routine
and selects function 3 (read joy-
stick). Each time the ML routine
performs this function, it gives the
variable JV a numeric value repre-
senting the joystick position. JV is 0
when the joystick is centered, 9
when the fire button is pressed, and
so on.

Note that Program 2 passes
information in both directions. The
value in parentheses — USR(3) —
sends information to the ML rou-
tine (telling it to perform function
3). And the ML routine passes other
information back in the form of a
variable (JV).

The other four functions work
in similar fashion. Function 4 re-
turns the size of the BASIC program
currently in memory. Whenever
you want to know your program
size, use the statements A=USR(4):
PRINT A. Function 2 changes the
screen background and border col-
ors. To activate this function, use
A = USR(C*256 + 2), replacing C
with the number of the screen color
you want (your 6i User's Guide lists
the color numbers).

Function 1 reads the Y and N
keys, returning the value of 1 when
Y is pressed, and 2 when N is
pressed. The ML routine waits until
you press Y or N, ignoring all other
keys. This function is useful in the
common case where a program asks
the user a Yes/No question. Com-
bining USR with ON-GOTO or ON-
GOSUB is a very efficient technique.
For instance,, type in and run the
following program (make sure the
ML routine is in memory):

10 PRINT"ENTER Y/N";ON USR(l)

GOSUB 100,200
20 GOTO 10

100 PRINT"YES":RETURN
200 PRINT"NO";RETURN

Function 0 is sinular to Function
1, but reads the eight special function
keys. Enter and run this program to
see how it works:

10 A = USR<0)

20 PRINT A: GOTO 10

In this case USR returns a num-
ber from 1-8 in the variable A. (But
note that the numbers returned don't
correspond directly to the function
key numbers. Keys fl, f3, f5, and f7
return values 1-4 respectively, while
the shifted keys, f2, f4, f6, and f8,
return values 5-8.) In your own pro-

grams, of course, you can use any
variable name you like; this function
could also be used with ON-GOTO
or ON-GOSUB to select as many as
eight different options.

The Facts About FAC1

If you simply want to use the new
functions provided by Program 1,
you needn't read any further. If
you're ready to write your own ML
routines for USR, here are a few
additional tips. First, when you
pass a value from BASIC, the value
is converted into a different number
format (floating point) and placed
in the computer's floating point ac-
cumulator (locations 98-101).

The floating point accumula-
tor— usually called FACl to distin-
guish it from the secondary
accumulator — is a special number-
processing area used internally for
many purposes. Since floating
point numbers are quite difficult to
handle, it's helpful to convert the
floating point value into an integer
(whole number) before using it in
your ML routine. Fortunately, the
64 has built-in routines to convert
floating point numbers to integers
and vice versa. These routines can
be accessed directly with JSR, or
indirectly through the vectors in lo-
cations 3-4 and 5-6.

The routine at location 45482
($B1AA) converts a floating point
number in FACl to an integer. Use
this routine when passing a value
from BASIC to ML. At the point
where you want to retrieve the
passed value, use JSR SBIAA to do
the conversion. The computer re-
turns the low byte of the integer in
the Y register and the high byte in
the A register. If you'd rather use
the vector, use LDA #$4C: STA
$02: JSR $0002.

Passing a value from ML back
to BASIC often requires the oppo-
site conversion. The routine at
45969 ($B391) converts an integer
to floating point format and stores
the result iri FACl. At the point
where you want to return to BASIC,
load the low byte of your integer
value in the Y register and the high
byte in A. Then call the integer-to-
floating point conversion routine
with JSR $B391: RTS (you can also
compress these two instructions
into JMP $B391). The value is con-
verted and stored in FACl, and

RTS returns you to BASIC. If you
prefer to use the vector, JMP
($0005) accomplishes the same
thing.

Like other vectors, the vectors
at 3-4 and 5-6 will presumably be
safe to use even if the actual ROM
addresses of the routines change
after a ROM update. However,
there's one danger in using them.
Since BASIC never uses locations
2-6, many ML programmers use
them as free zero page space. If
your routine jumps through these
vectors after some other ML pro-
gram overwrites them, it may send
the computer into never-never
land.

Program 1 : USR Loader For
Commodore 64

10 SA=53088!HI%=SA/256:LO=SA-H

I%*256 :rem 23

20 POKE785,LO!POKE786,HI%:CK=0

: rem 33
30 READQ:IPQ>-1THENP0KESA,Q5SA
=SA+1 sCK«CK+Q:GOTO30

:rem 213
40 IFCK=14435THENPRIKT"OK":NEW

: rem 130

50 PRINT "ERROR IN DATA STATEME

NTS" rrem 121

60 DATA 169,0,133,198,169,76,1
33,2,32,2,0,132,2 : rem 254

61 DATA 192,0,240,19,192,1,240
,35,192,2,240,50 rrem 197

62 DATA 192,3,240,71,192,4,240
,54,108,0,3,32,228 :rem 43

63 DATA 255,201,133,144,249,20
1,141.176,245,56 : rem 218

64 DATA 2 33,132,168,169,0,108,
5,0,32,228,255,201 :rem 51

65 DATA 39,240,8,201,78,208,24
5,160,2,208,236 :rem 177

66 DATA 160,1,208,232,141,32,2
08,141,33,208 .rem 54

67 DATA 169,0,168,108,5,0,56,1
65,45,229,43,168 :reni 235

68 DATA 165,46,229,44,108,5,0,
173,0,220,73,31 s rem 162

69 DATA 41,31,168,201,3,144,12
,136,201,8,144,7 :reni 204

70 DATA 136,201,16,144,2,160,9
,169,0,108,5,0,-1 :rem 236

Program 2: Joystick Demo
For Commodore 64

10 DATA NONE, UP, DOWN, LEFT, UP/L
EFT :rem 98

20 DATA DOW8/LEFT, RIGHT, UP/RIG
HT :rem 54

30 DATA DOWN/RIGHT, FIRE BUTTON

rrem 144

40 PRINTCHR$(147) tFORJ=0TO9:RE
ADA5(J) :SP?=SP$+CHR5(32) :NE
XT srem 73

50 JV=USR(3) :PRINTCHR5(19) JV,A
S(JV)SP5 -.tern 44

60 IFJV=9THENE=E+1 : rem 93

70 IFE<20THEN50 srem 109

August 1<?85 COMPUTE! 75

Sound And Music
On The Commodore 128

Part 1

Philip I. Nelson, Assistant Editor

The Commodore 128's advanced
BASIC makes if easy and fun to create
music or sound effects. Part 1 of this
two-part series shows how to use the
VOL, TEMPO, and ENVELOPE state-
ments. Part 2 explores the FILTER,
SOUND, and PLAY commands and
includes three short tutorial
programs.

If you've heard much about the
new Commodore 128, you proba-
bly kr\ow that it contains a very
powerful music maker: the SID
(Sound Interface Device) chip, ex-
actly as found in the Commodore
64 and still the best sound chip in
any personal computer. The SID
chip provides three independent
voices (tone generators) for playing
up to three notes at once, and four
different waveforms to simulate
virtually any sound.

Although both computers use
the SID chip, the comparison ends
there. Since Commodore 64 BASIC
has no sound commands, even sim-
ple 64 sound effects require several
POKE statements. The 128's BASIC
eliminates the POKEs by adding six
new music and sound commands:
PLAY, SOUND, VOL, TEMPO,
ENVELOPE, and FILTER.

Simplicity And Power

The PLAY command is both pow-
erful and easy to use. If you have
access to a 128, type in and run the

following one-line program. (The
spaces make the statement more
readable, but are not necessary.)
100 PLAY "C D E F G F E D C"

The 128 plays nine notes, go-
ing up the scale and down again. It
would take a lot more work to play
the same nine notes on the 64 —
you'd need at least three prelimi-
nary POKEs (to set the volume and
sound envelope), plus four POKEs
for each note (one to turn on the
voice, two to set the pitch, and one
to turn off the voice).

Interestingly, you can control
the SID chip in 128 mode with the
same POKEs as on the 64. That's
usually a waste of time, since the
128's BASIC commands are more
convenient than POKEs. However,
128 BASIC has certain limitations
(SOUND statements can't use ring
modulation or synchronization, for
example). If you already know
sound programming on the 64, you
may still find uses for old-fashioned
64 programming techniques.

The PLAY command is so ver-
satile that it's almost a mini-
language in itself. In addition to
playing notes, you can insert rests,
change octaves, choose any of ten
different instrument voices, use fil-
tering, and even play multivoice
music. This month we'll stick to
simple PLAY statements and exam-
ine the VOL, TEMPO, and ENVE-
LOPE commands in detail. In Part
2, we'll look at the FILTER and
SOUND commands and more ad-
vanced uses of PLAY.

VOL Means Volume

The 128's VOL command affects all
three voices at once and accepts
values from 0 (silence) to 15 (maxi-
mum). Add the following line to the
example program and run it again:
10 VOL 15

Since the song plays at the
same volume, it seems VOL had no
effect. In fact, VOL just duplicated
the default volume setting that
PLAY uses when no volume is
specified. When you turn on the
128, it establishes several music
and sound settings (parameters) in
advance. For instance, the PLAY
statement above plays the notes at
maximum volume with a sound en-
velope and waveform that simulate
a piano. Other default sound pa-
rameters, too, remain in effect until
you change them.

In many cases you can set the
volume at the beginning of a pro-
gram and leave it alone. However,
gradual changes in volume can add
to the dynamics of a song. Since
drastic volume changes make the
SID chip "pop," don't use VOL to
turn individual notes on and off.
(To hear the pop, turn up the vol-
ume on your monitor or TV set,
enter the following line without a
line number, and press RETURN:
VOL 15:VOL 0:VOL 15.)

Unlike PLAY statements,
SOUND statements (to be dis-
cussed in Part 2) default to a vol-
ume of 0. Before using SOUND you
must always use VOL to set the
volume to some nonzero value.

76 COMPUTEI Augusi 19B5

TEMPO

TEMPO is another command that
affects all voices equally, setting the
speed at which a song plays. TEM-
PO is followed by one number in
the range 0-255, The default tempo
setting is 15, a pedestrian speed.
Add the following line to the ex-
ample program and run it again:
20 TEMPO 50

At a tempo of 50, the song
plays much faster. Try several dif-
ferent TEMPO values in line 20, As
you'll find, the highest tempos are
exceedingly fast — too speedy for
playing whole songs, but handy for
simulating trills and grace notes.
Change the TEMPO value back to
15 when you're done experiment-
ing with line 20.

Don't confuse tempo — the
overall speed of the music — with
the individual duration of each note
(quarter note, sixteenth, etc.). In
conventional music a quarter note
lasts one "beat," an eighth note
lasts one-half beat, and so on. Tem-
po defines how many beats are
played in a minute. At faster tem-
pos every note plays faster, but
quarter notes still last twice as long
as eighth notes The default note
duration for PLAY is a quarter note.

A Built-in Orchestra

The ENVELOPE command is more
versatile than VOL or TEMPO. It is
used to create customized instru-
ment sounds for your songs. ENVE-
LOPE takes the following general
form:

ENVELOPE i, a, d, s, r, w, p

In the above example, ; stands
for the instrument number, a for the
attack rate, d for decay rate, s for
sustain rate, r for release rate, w for
waveform, and p for pulsewidth.
Naturally, in a program these let-
ters are replaced with appropriate
numbers.

The first number in an ENVE-
LOPE statement chooses one of the
128's instrument voices. There are
ten predefined instruments, num-
bered 0-9 as shown here:

Instrument

ENVELOPE

Piano

0

Accordion

1

Calliope

2

Drum

3

Flute

i

Guitar

5

Harpsichord

6

Organ

7

Trumpet

S

Xylophone

9

Since PLAY commands use the
same instrument numbers, you'll
want to become familiar with this
list. To pick an instrument within
PLAY, add a T (for tune) followed
by the desired instrument number.
For instance, PLAY 'T5 C D T3 E F"
selects instrument 5 (guitar) and
plays notes C and D, then selects
instrument 3 (drum) and plays
notes E and F, The same numbering
scheme identifies customized in-
struments, as you'll see in a mo-
ment. The default instrument for
PLAY statements is instrument 0
(piano); if you don't specify an in-
strument, PLAY always produces a
piano sound.

Sound Envelopes

To create new instrument sounds,
you'll need to learn about sound
envelopes and waveforms. Every
natural sound has a distinctive en-
velope or sound pattern. Consider
the difference between a snare
drum and a violin. Drum sounds
begin and end very sharply. The
drumhead starts vibrating the in-
stant you strike it, and fades quick-
ly. Violin sounds start out more
softly, as the string gradually picks
up vibrations from the bow, and
fade softly as the vibration
dissipates.

The 128 defines different
sound envelopes in terms of four
values: attack, decay, sustain, and
release (ADSR). The attack value
defines how quickly the sound rises
from silence to its peak volume.
Decay defines how quickly the
sound fades from peak volume to
the volume at which it will be sus-
tained (held). Sustain sets the vol-
ume level for the sound's main
duration. Release defines how
quickly the sound fades from its
sustained volume back to silence
again. Figure 1 illustrates a typical
sound envelope.

In ENVELOPE statements, the
four numbers after the instrument
number define the ADSR envelope.
ADSR numbers can range from
0-15.

Waveforms

ENVELOPE also lets you pick dif-
ferent waveforms. Each of the SID

chip's three voices can produce four

different waveforms, diagrammed
in Figure 2. The triangle waveform
(used for the flute, instrument 4) is
soft and rich. The sawtooth wave
(used for the guitar, instrument 5)
creates a louder, harsher sound.

The pulse waveform (used for
the organ, instrument 7) is the most
versatile of all. It's louder than the
triangle wave and can be adjusted
to make sounds that are rich and
full or thin and faint. The noise
waveform (used for the drum, in-
strument 3) is a random mish-mash
of frequencies that make a hissing
or rushing sound. ENVELOPE uses
the following waveform numbers:

Number

0
1
2
3
4

Waveform

Triangle

Sawtooth

Pulse

Noise

Ring Modulation

Ring modulation is a special
effect, different from the other
waveforms. The SID chip creates
ring modulation by combining the
frequencies of two voices into one
complex sound. Note that ENVE-
LOPE cannot use synchronization,
another SID effect familiar to 64
programmers.

Finally, ENVELOPE lets you
choose different pulsewidth values
for the pulse waveform (2). The
pulsewidth number can range from
0-4095. Look again at the pulse
wave diagram in Figure 2. The top
portion of each wave is wider than
the bottom portion. The pulsewidth
value defines the ratio between
these two parts of the wave. Medi-
um pulsewidth values (roughly
from 1000-3000) produce fairly
symmetrical waves and full, solid
tones. Very small or very large
pulsewidth values produce assymet-
rical waves and thin, hollow tones.

ENVELOPE With PLAY

To see what ENVELOPE can do,
add line 30 to the example program
and insert Tl in line 100 as shown
below:

30 ENVELOPE 1, 7, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2000
100 PLAY "Tl CDEFGFEDC"

Run the program again and no-
tice how different the new instru-
ment sounds. Line 30 selects
instrument 1, sets attack at 7, decay,
sustain, and release at 0, waveform

August 1985 COMPUTEI 77

at 2 (pulse), and pulsewidth at
2000.

The Tl in line 100 might seem
redundant at first: If ENVELOPE
selects instrument 1, why specify
instrument 1 again in the PLAY
statement? This is necessary be-
cause of the default system. Until
you specify otherwise in a PLAY
statement, PLAY always uses in-
strument 0, the piano. Thus, when-
ever you define a new instrument
with ENVELOPE, you must use the
same instrument number after T in
the appropriate PLAY statement. If
you forget, PLAY ignores the EN-
VELOPE statement and uses instru-
ment 0 or whatever instrument you
last selected with T.

Redefining an instrument with
ENVELOPE replaces the prede-
fined instrument of that number.
Thus, you can never have more
than ten instruments at once. How-
ever, new instruments can be intro-
duced at any time with new
ENVELOPE statements.

ENVELOPE can be tricky to
handle, since it gives you total con-
trol over the AD5R envelope and

must be properly integrated with
other sound commands. For in-
stance, an envelope that sounds
fine at slow tempos may be unsuit-
able at faster tempos. Don't be dis-
couraged if your first experiments
sometimes fail. Remember, ENVE-
LOPE is necessary only for custom-
ized instrument sounds. If you're
happy with the predefined instru-
ments, just use T in a PLAY state-
ment to choose the one you want.

Figure 1 . Typical Sound
Envelope

Figure 2. Commodore 1 28
Waveforms

Triangle

Sawtooth

Pulse

Noise

Colorful Text For
IBM Graphics

Peter F, Nicholson, Jr,

IBM personal computers provide a
wealth of graphics modes. Here's a
method of printing text on graphics
screens with different foreground col-
ors to brighten up your screen dis-
plays. The technique works on the
IBM PCjr with Cartridge BASIC or
the PC with BASICA and color/
graphics adapter card.

The IBM PCjr and the PC with a
color/graphics adapter both have
the ability to print different-colored
foreground characters on the same
colored background. Medium-
resolution graphics mode gives you
a choice of 16 different background
colors and two different foreground
color palettes (red/brown/green or
cyan/magenta/white). According

to page 1-9 of the BASIC reference
manual for the PC, the following
statement changes character colors
(substitute 1, 2, or 3 for color
number):

DEF SEG:POKE &H4E,co/or number

Although this changes the
character color, it also replaces the
background color with color 0

78 COMPUTEI August 1985

(black). It's not mentioned in the
manual, but there is a way to
change the foreground color with-
out losing the background color.
Simply add 128 to the color number
in the above statement. This per-
forms a bit manipulation called an
exclusive OR (XOR) of the color val-
ue, allowing you to print any fore-
ground color on the background.

To see a demonstration, type in
and save the program below, then
run it. The program illustrates the
difference between normal and
XOR printing and lets you experi-
ment with many different back-
ground and foreground color
combinations.

Character Colors For
XOR Printing

Resulting Character
Color

Color Where
Character Will Be
XOR FRINTed

&H4E= &H4E= &H4E'=
129 130 131

Remember to restore the value
in memory location &H4E to either
1, 2, or 3 when you're editing. Oth-
erwise anything you type is XORed
with whatever is on the screen. The
easiest way to avoid this problem is
to clear the screen (press CTRL-
HOME) and press function key 10
to edit in SCREEN 0. The table
shows the values you can POKE
into &H4E to generate various color
combinations.

XOR Printing

JB 100 SCREEN 1:KEY OFF:PAL=0:BA

CK-0IBOSUB 1S00ICOLOR BAC

K.PAL
BK 1 1 0 CLS s C0L=3 5 X 0=40 ! YB-^B t BOS

UB 1000:COL-0:GOSUB 1000
FH 120 CDL=3:X0=40:Y0=J16:GOSUB

10001 CQL-0:GOSUB 1000
6A 130 GOSUB 2000: POKE !(H4E,i:La

GATE 3, Bl PRINT "!<H4E=1"
DL 140 FDR i»5 TO f STEP 2: LDCftT

E I, Bi PRINT PftL«(PAL,l);:

NEXT I
KC 150 POKE &H4E, 2: LOCATE 3,ia!p

RINT "fcH4E-2"
LN 16,0 FDR 1-5 TO 9 STEP 2 s LOCAT

E IjlBtPRINT PAL«(PAL,2)!

iNEXT I
111 170 POKE !<H4E, 3: LOCATE 3,2B:P

RINT "8.H4E-3"

«H 1B0 FOR 1=5 TO 9 STEP 2: LOCAT

E I,28iPRINT PAL*fPftL,3>s

sNEXT I
KB 190 POKE «<H4E,1: LOCATE 14,7:P

RINT "S.H4E" 129"! POKE tcH4E

,129 .
BJ 200 FDR 1 = 1 i TO 20 STEP 2:L0C

ATE I,6:PRINT COLl*(FIX((

I-16)/2> > ; :NEXT I
BH 210 POKE «tH4E, 2: LOCATE 14,17:

PRINT "8.H4E" 130": POKE &H4

E,130
LI 220 FOR 1 = 16 TO 20 STEP 2:L0C

ATE I,1B:PRINT COLZ«(FIX(

(I-16)/2) ) ; ;NEXT I
LN 230 POKE S.H4E, 3: LOCATE 14,27:

PRINT "t<H4E-131":PDKE &H4

E, 131
(W 240 FOR 1 = 16 TO 20 STEP 2: LDC

ATE I, 28: PRINT C0L3«(FIX(
tI-16)/2) ) ( tNEXT I
LS 250 POKE S.H4E, 3: LOCATE 1 , 1 ; PR

INT "Normal Printing";
PL 260 LOCATE 12,1:PRINT "XOR Pr

inting";
KL 270 LOCATE 22,1: PR I NT STRING*

(40,CHR«(32) ) ;
ON 2B0 LOCATE 22,i:PRINT "Backgr

ound " ) BACK* ( BACK ) 5 : LDCAT

E 22, 25i PRINT "Palette ";

PAL J
BE 290 LOCATE 23,1: PRINT "Press

Q To Quit"+STRING«(24,CHR

«(32) ) ;
FS 300 LOCATE 24,1: PRINT "Press

Esc To Change Palette")
11 310 LOCATE 25,1: PRINT "Press

Space Bar To Change Backg

round"!
JH 320 Ka»=rNKEY»! IF KB*="" THEN

330 ELSE 320
ED 330 KB«=INKEY«: IF KB»="" THEN

330
Oe 340 IF KB«="q" OR KB«-"Q" THE

N CLS I END
ftS 350 IF ASC(KB«)=32 THEN 3B0 E

LSE IF ASC(KB*)><27 THEN

330
HI 360 IF PAL-1 THEN PAL=0 ELSE

PAL-1
HF 370 COLOR BACK, PAL: GOTO 130
te 3S0 LOCATE 25,1 SPRINT STRING*

(38,CHR*(32) ) ;
KL 390 LOCATE 24,1: PRINT STRING*

(3B,CHR*(32) ) ;
LL 400 LOCATE 23, 1 : INPUT "Enter

Color Number (0-15) ";BAC

K
KK 410 COLOR BACK, PAL: GOTO 130
DD 1000 PRESET (X0,Y0)
K 1010 FOR 1=1 TD 3
BH 1020 LINE STEP (0,0) -STEP (240,

16) ,COL,B
OL 1030 PRESET STEP<-240,0)
EL 1040 NEXT I
EN 1050 PRESET (X0,Y0)
B9 1060 FOR 1 = 1 TO 3
HL 1070 LINE STEP (0,0) -STEP (80, 4

0) ,COL,B
«F 10B0 PRESET STEP £0,-48)
NN 1090 NEXT Is IF COL-0 THEN GOT
0 1130
1100 FOR 1=1 TO 3: FOR J=l TO

3
1110 PAINT (X0+20+B0t (I-l) ,Y0+
a+16«(J-l)) , J,3
lA 1120 NEXT J: NEXT I
IS 1130 RETURN
BH 1500 DIM PAL* (1,3)
KH 1510 FOR 1=0 TO 1 : FOR J=l TO
3: READ PAL* ( I , J ) : NEXT J:
NEXT I
1520 DATA "GREEN", "RED", "BROW

HO

PP

JB

m 1530

E6 1540
PB 1550

AA 1560

BI 1570
QL 15B0

HG 1590

NH 1600
EC 2000

CK 2010

EG 2020

IH 2030
HE 2040

KJ 2050

HC 2060
HD 2070

PK 2080

01 2090
PS 2100

OK 2110

!E 2120

N",
TE"
DIM
FOR
(I)
DATA

CYAN"

"MAGENTA"

"WHI

BACK* (15)

1=0 TD IS: READ BACK*

NEXT I

BLACK", "BLUE", "GRE
"RED", "M AGENT

EN", "CYAN
A", "BROWN"

DATA "WHITE", "GRAY", "L B
LUE","L GREEN", "L CYAN",
"L RED","L MASTA"
DATA "YELLOW", "HI WHITE"
BLOCK*=STRING* (8, CHR* (25
S) )! AX-PEEK (VftRPTR( BLOCK
*) +1 ) : BX-PEEK ( VARPTR (BLO
CK*)+2)

DEF SEE=0!PDKE 124,A"/.:PD
KE 125,6?.! POKE 126, PEEK (
&HS 1 0 ) ! POKE 127,PEEK(S<H5
11)

DEF SEG: RETURN
COL 1 * { 0) =BACKS ( BACK > : COL
1« ( 1 ) -PAL* (PAL, 3 ) : COLl* (
2) -PAL* (PAL, 2)
C0L2* (0) =PAL* (PAL, 3) : COL
2« ( 1 ) -BACK* < BACK) s C0L2* (
2) -PAL* (PAL, 1)
CDL3* (0) =PAL« (PAL, 2) ! CDL
3* ( 1 ) -PAL* (PAL, 1 ) : C0L3* (
2) -BACK* (BACK)
DEF SEG ! POKE S<H4E,1
FOR I=B TO 28 STEP 10s LD
GATE 5,I:PRINT STR1NG«(B
,CHR*(12B) ) ; :NEXT I
FOR I=B TO 28 STEP 10: LD
CATE 16,IsPRINT STRING*(
B,CHR*(12a) ); sNEXT I
POKE S<H4E,2

FOR I=B TD 28 STEP 10: LO
CATE 7,I:PRINT STRINGS(B
,CHR*(12a)); :NEXT 1
FDR 1-B TD 2B STEP 10! LD
CATE IB, 1 1 PRINT STRING* (
B,CHR«(12S) ) ; sNEXT I
POKE liH4E,3

FDR 1=8 TD 28 STEP 10: LO
CATE 9, I: PRINT STRING* (8
,CHR«(12B) ) ; :NEXT I
FOR 1=8 TO 2B STEP 10; LO
CATE 20, I SPRINT STRING* (
S, CHR* (128)) I sNEXT I
RETURN (Pi

Copies of articles from this
publication are now available from
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August 1985 COMPUTEI 79

Advanced 1541 Disk Commands

If you zvant to go beyo?id the basks of
Commodore disk programming, you'll
need to learn direct access disk com-
mands. These powerful commands
allow you to read and write individ-
ual blocks on a disk. However, since
improper use can irretrievably scram-
ble a disk, they are recommended for
intermediate and advanced program-
mers only. You should experiment
with them on a scratch disk before
attempting to manipulate any impor-
tant files. The techniques work on any
Commodore computer with a 1541
disk drive.

The 1541 disk drive is a complex
device, often called an intelligent
peripheral because it contains its
own microprocessor and operating
system. With most computers (such
as Apple, Atari, and IBM), the Disk
Operating System (DOS) is a pro-
gram you must load into the com-
puter before using the disk drive.
Commodore's DOS, on the other
hand, is permanently stored in
Read Only Memory (ROM) inside
the drive itself.

The Commodore system has
some real advantages: DOS does
not take up any of the computer's
memory, and it's available the in-
stant you turn on the drive. It also
makes the 1541 drive independent-
ly programmable. By sending direct
access commands to the drive, you
can read or write to any area on the
disk, read or write to the drive's
internal memory, and even run
your own ML programs in the
drive.

In this article we'll cover three
commands used to manipulate in-
dividual disk blocks. A block, also
called a sector, is a small area on the

Dave Straub

disk that stores 256 bytes of data.
As shown in your 1542 User's Man-
ual, each disk is divided into 35
separate tracks, with each track sub-
divided into anywhere from 17 to
21 individual blocks or sectors. This
yields a total of 683 blocks, each
with its own track and block num-
ber. For example, the first part of
the disk directory is stored in track
18, block 1.

The Command Channel

The first step in most Commodore
disk programs is to open the com-
mand channel to the drive. This is a
special channel used to send in-
structions to the drive and check for
errors. Open it with a line similar to
this:

10 OPEN 3,8,15

This opens communications on
channel number 3 to device num-
ber 8 (the drive) with a secondary
address of 15. The channel (some-
times called a logical file) number
can be anything from 1-15. Once a
channel is open, GET#, INPUT#,
and PRINT# statements are used
zcith the channel number to send or
retrieve information on that chan-
nel. The number following the #
character in these statements must
match the channel number used in
the OPEN statement. For example,
if the channel is opened with OPEN
3,8,15, then PRINT#3,"10" sends
an initialization command to the
drive on the command channel.

The device number specifies
which drive is being accessed. The
device number of the 1541 drive is
always 8 unless you change it
through software or by modifying
the drive.

A secondary address of 15 has a

special meaning: It activates the
command channel regardless of
what channel number is used. For
example, OPEN 1,8,15 or OPEN
15,8,15 both activate the command
channel, using channel numbers 1
and 15, respectively.

In this article the command
channel is used only to send direct
access commands to the drive,
However, the command channel
also serves the important function
of relaying drive error messages to
the computer, as explained in your
1541 User's Manual.

Buffer Channels

The command channel's abilities
are vital but limited: It can only
transmit commands and error mes-
sages. To transfer data (information
stored on the disk), you must open
a second channel. When this is
done, the drive sets aside a 256-
byte buffer area within its internal
memory. It's no coincidence that
the buffer is exactly the right size
for storing a block of disk data.
Since all data moves through the
drive's buffers, this type of channel
is often called a buffer channel, al-
though data channel might be a
more descriptive term. To open a
buffer channel, use "#" as a file-
name in an OPEN command:

OPEN 2,8,2,"#"

This statement tells the 1541 to
open buffer channel 2 to device
number 8 with a secondary address
of 2, and the special filename "#"
reserves a buffer in the drive. The
secondary address can be any num-
ber from 2-14.

Now that the channel is open,
you can find out which buffer the
1541 has reserved. Use GET# to

80 COMPUTEI August 1985

retrieve the first character available
from that channel:

10 OPEN 2,3,2,"#":GET#2,X$

20 PRINT "BUFFER"ASC(X$ + CHRS

(0))"USED"
30 CLOSE 2

This program opens a data
channel and retrieves the number
of the buffer reserved for that chan-
nel. The 1541 has five 256-byte
buffers located at these addresses:

Buffer 0 $0300-03FF (786-1023)

Buffer 1 $0400-04FF (1024-1279)

Buffer 2 $O5O0-OSFF (1280-1535)

Buffer 3 S0600-06FF (1536-1791)

Buffer 4 S0700-07FF (1792-2047)

In most cases you needn't worry

about which buffer is reserved for
your data. The 1541 manages the
buffers by itself and always re-
serves one for you unless none is
available. However, by adding a
number after the # character, you
can force the drive to reserve a spe-
cific buffer. For instance, the state-
ment OPEN 2,8,2,"#1" makes the
drive set aside buffer number 1 for
channel number 2.

To avoid needless errors, don't
specify a buffer unless you really
need to do so. The buffers are also
the 154 1's main data area, and at
any given time one or more of them
may already be in use. For instance,
buffer 4 stores the Block Availa-
bility Map (BAM) of the current
disk and is almost never available.
The 1541 generates a NO CHAN-
NEL error message when you try to
use a buffer that's already reserved
or try to access a channel that
wasn't properly opened.

Block-Read

The Block-Read command does ex-
actly what the name implies, read-
ing a block of information from the
disk and storing it in a data buffer in
the drive. Once the block has been
read, you can transfer all or part of
it to the computer's memory with
GET# or INPUT* statements.

Block-Read has two alternate
forms, one that works as expected
and another that doesn't. Despite
what your 1 54 1 User's Guide says,
don't use the B-R form of Block-
Read. Use the alternate form (Ul)
instead. Ul always reads an entire
block in correct order, beginning
with the first byte of the block and
ending with the last. To see how Ul
works, type in and save Program 1

below. Program 1 works as listed
on the Commodore 64 and the 128
in 64 mode. For the unexpanded
VIC, change line 0 to:

0 POKE 36979, 30 :X1=7680:X2=384
00 :rem 212

For the Commodore 16 or Plus/4,
ignore the :rem numbers at the end
of each line (they are for the
VIC/64 "Automatic Proofreader"

program) and change line 0 to:

0 X1=3072!X2=2048:COLOR0,2

Before running Program 1, put
an unimportant disic in the drive. Di-
rect access commands are very
powerful; even a slight typing error
in these programs can garble an
entire disk, destroying all of its
data. Until you have gained some
experience with these commands,
it's best to practice on a disk that
doesn't contain important programs
or data.

When you run Program 1, it
displays the 256 bytes stored in
track 18, block 0 of your disk.
Among other things, this disk block
contains the disk name and ID. Line
10 of the program opens the com-
mand channel (to send commands
to the drive) and line 20 opens the
buffer channel to reserve a data
buffer. Line 30 contains the Block-
Read command (Ul). Note that line
30 uses PRINT#3 to send the Ul
command. Block-Read is an in-
struction to the drive; like other
instructions it must be sent via the
command channel (in this case
channel 3).

The actual command is en-
closed in quotation marks. First
comes the command itself, fol-
lowed by several parameters sepa-
rated by spaces. The first number
after Ul is 2, telling the drive to
read the block into the buffer re-
served for channel 2.

The next parameter must al-
ways be 0 to indicate drive number
0. (This is a holdover from the old
Commodore PET dual drives that
are numbered 0 and 1. The 1541
drive is always drive 0, even when
two 1541s with different device
numbers are daisy-chained togeth-
er.) The last two parameters inside
quotes are the track and sector
numbers of the block you wish to
read. In this case, 18 and 0 are used

to read block 0 of track 18 from the
disk.

In line 50 of Program 1, GET#2
retrieves data from the buffer chan-
nel. (Since CET# reads incoming
zero bytes as null characters —
which would crash the A5C func-
tion with an error message — it's al-
ways necessary to concatenate X$
with CHR$(0).) Line 70 ends the
program by closing both channels.
Since channel 2 was the last chan-
nel opened, it is the first one closed.
Always end a program of this type
by closing every channel you
opened.

Buffer-Pointer

Ul always reads a whole block, but
in some cases you'll be interested in
only part of the block. For example,
you might want one program name
from a directory block. The Buffer-
Pointer command (abbreviated B-P)
is designed for just such occasions.
It points the drive to a designated
byte within the data buffer, allow-
ing you to read only the bytes you
want. The general procedure is to
read a block into the buffer with
Ul, set the pointer with B-P, then
retrieve the desired bytes with
GET#.

Type in and save Program 2,
then run it. The program first reads
the block from track 18, block 1 into
a buffer. Then B-P sets the buffer
pointer to byte 5. Like other direct
access commands, B-P is also en-
closed in quotes. The second pa-
rameter in the command is 2, telling
the drive to use buffer channel 2.
After 2 comes 5, the number of the
byte you want to point at. The re-
mainder of the program simply
prints the name of the first program
stored on the disk.

Biock-Write

The Block-Write command is the
opposite of Block-Read, letting you
write a block of data from a buffer
to any block on the disk. Block-
Write also comes in two forms,
good and bad. Skip the B-W com-
mand; it has the same defects as B-R.
Use U2 whenever you want to
write a block of data to disk.

To see Block-Write at work,
first load Program 2, then add the
lines listed below as Program 3.
Note that line 80 of Program 3 re-
places line 80 of Program 2, and be
sure to save a copy of this program

August 1985 COMPUTEI 81

before you run it. This program
combines all three of the com-
mands discussed so far. First it
reads the name of the first program
in the disk directory from block 1 of
track 18, then it asks you to type in
a new program name. If the new
name is less than 16 characters, line
110 "pads" the end of the name
with SHIFTed space characters.

You're almost ready to write
the new name back to the data buff-
er. But first it's necessary to set the
buffer pointer back to the spot
where the old name begins in the
buffer (line 120). This step is criti-
cal, because GET# affects the buffer
pointer much as PRINT affects the
cursor on the screen. Every time
GET# fetches a character from the
buffer, the pointer automatically
moves one byte forward. Lines
50-70 repeated GET# 16 times,
moving the pointer 16 bytes for-
ward. Thus, before writing the new
name back into the buffer, it's nec-
essary to reset the pointer with a
second B-P command.

Line 130 writes the new name
to the buffer; since the name is data
(not an instruction), it's transmitted
over the data channel with
PRINT#2. Line 140 sends the U2

command over channel 3 to com-
plete the process, telling the drive
to write the entire contents of the
buffer back to track 18, block 1 of
the disk.

As you've probably gathered
by now, the 1541 drive handles
disk data in block-sized chunks.
Though you may want to change
only one or two bytes in a block, it's
necessary to read the whole block
into the drive, make the changes,
then write the altered block back to
disk again. There's much more to
direct access programming, of
course, but you can do a great deal
with these few commands, moving
freely around the disk to examine
or modify whatever you find.

Pleas© refer to "COMPUTEI's Guide to Typing
In Programs" In this Issue before entering the
following listings.

Program 1: Block-Read
Demo

0 POKE53281,1:X1=1024:X2=55296

: rem 146
5 PRItJTCHR5{147)CHR5(9)CHRS(14
) :FORJ=1TO10: PRINT :NEXT

:rem IS
10 0PEN3,8,15 :rem 188

20 OPEN2,8,2, "#" :rei:i 27

30 PRINT#3,"U1 2 0 18 0"

:rem 55
40 FOR X=0 TO 255 : rem 79

50 GET#2,X5:Y=ASC(XS+CHR$(0))

: rem 99
60 POKEX1+X,Y:POKEX2+X,05NEXT

: rem 113
70 CLOSE2SCLOSE3 ! rem 242

Program 2: Buffer-Pointer
Demo

10 OPEN3,8,15 :rem 188

20 OPEN2,8,2,"#" :rem 27
30 PRINT#3,"U1 2 0 18 1"

:reni 56
40 PRINT#3,"B-P 2 5" :rem 221
50 FORX=0TO15:GET#2,XS : rem 49
60 IFX5<>CHR$( 160)THENPRINTX5+
CHRS(0) ,- :rem 244

70 NEXT srem 166

80 CLOSE2!CLOSE3 : rem 243

Program 3: Block-Write
Demo

80 PRINTS PRINT "WHAT I

NAME?"
90 INPUT C5
100 FORJ=lT016tDS=D5+

:NEXT
110 CS=LEFT?(CS+D?,16
120 PRINT#3, "B-P 2 5"
130 PRINT#2,C$
140 PRINT* 3, "U2 2 0 1

200 CLOSE2SCLOSE3

S THE NEW

: rem 251

:rem 96

CHR$(160)
: rem 14
: rem 99
!rem 12
:rem 9
1"

rem 107
: rem 29

IBM Filecopy

John Klein and Jeff Kiein

Here's a fast and easy way to backup
multiple files on your disks for safe-
keeping. It works on any IBM PC,
PCjr, or compatible with at least 64K
RAM and one or two floppy disk
drives.

What is rule number one when you
use a computer? Always make back-
up copies of all important files.

But despite one of the most

powerful disk operating systems in
personal computing, that rule isn't
always easy to follow on the IBM.
DOS's DISKCOPY utihty indis-
criminately copies the entire disk,
while the COPY command backs
up only individual files. Neither al-
lows you to copy groups of specific
files from disk to disk or directory to
directory very easily. Even if you

have two drives, it's time-consuming
to combine files from several disks
onto a single backup disk, or to
backup a group of updated files. As
a result, many of us don't make
backups as often as we should.

"IBM Filecopy" offers a solu-
tion to this problem. It's a utility
program that works on any IBM
PC, PCjr, or true compatible with
one or two disk drives. Filecopy lets

82 COMPUTEl August 19B5

Table 1: Using IBM Filecopy

Type of copy wanted: Target path to enter;

Same drive, directory 'TEST" \TEST (DOS 2.1 only)
Drive B, same directory

Drive B, directory 'TEST"

B:
B:\TEST

Table 2: End of Copy Phase

Screen Message:

REM •♦• COPY COMPLETE
A>ERASE FILECOPY.BAT
Insert disk with batch tile
and press any key when ready

A>-C

Terminate batch job (Y/^f)7

A>

Operation/Response:

Copies completed.
Batch file erases itself.

DOS error message. Press any

key

Press BREAK.

DOS message. Type Y.

Backup process finished;

returned to DOS.

you backup disks, directory by di-
rectory, or selectively backup indi-
vidual files. These files can be of
any type: BASIC, binary, com-
mand, etc. The files can be copied
to any subdirectory on any other
disk or the same disk.

Using Filecopy

Filecopy is a BASIC program wrhich
creates a temporary DOS batch file
to copy the specified files to the
backup destination. When run, the
program first asks you to insert the
source disk. This is the disk which
contains the files you want to back-
up. Then the program asks for the
source directory of the source disk.
If you're not copying from a subdi-
rectory, just type N at this prompt.
In either case, Filecopy reads the
filenames from the source directory
and stores them in an array for later
use.

Next the program asks you for
the target path, the destination for
the backups. Type B: for drive B or
A: for drive A (be sure to type the
colon after the drive designator — B:
instead of B), Then type \directon/
name if you're copying the files to a
subdirectory on the destination
disk. You don't have to specify a
directory if you're copying the files
to the root (default) directory. If
you're using a one-drive system,
type B: for the target path as if you
really have two drives. Never speci-
fy the same drive and directory as
the source drive and directory, be-
cause the program won't copy files
onto themselves. (See Table 1 for
sample copy procedures.)

Filecopy then displays each
filename from the source directory
and asks if you want a copy. Simply
type Y for each file you want cop-
ied, or N for those you don't want

copied. Note: When Filecopy en-
counters a subdirectory name on
your source disk, it's fooled into
thinking the subdirectory is a regu-
lar file. Since it can't copy subdirec-
tory names, you must answer N
when the program asks if you want
to backup the subdirectory.

After Filecopy queries you on
all of the filenames, it asks for con-
firmation: "Is this all okay?" If you
accidentally typed a wrong Y or N
at a previous prompt, type N at this
one to get another chance. When
you confirm your choices by typing
Y, Filecopy stores the names of the
files you want copied in a tempo-
rary batch file on the source disk. (If
the source disk is write-protected,
an error message appears and the
program halts.) Then it returns you
to DOS.

The next step is to type FILE-
COPY at the DOS prompt. This
commands the batch file to copy
each of the files you selected from
the source disk to the target disk
and directory. If you're using a one-
drive system, DOS asks you to
swap disks as it copies each file.

After the backup is complete,
the temporary batch file erases it-
self off the source disk. This brings
up an unavoidable DOS error mes-
sage, "Insert disk with batch file
and press any key when ready."
When this message appears, just
press CTRL-BREAK on the PC or
Fn-B on the PCjr. Another DOS
message asks if you want to termi-
nate the batch job. Answer yes. The
backup process is now complete,
(Table 2 shows the screen messages
and responses that should appear
during this phase.)

Additional Tips

If you have another BASIC pro-
gram in memory before running

Filecopy, remember to save it on
disk. Otherwise it will be replaced
when you load and run Filecopy.

Filecopy works with all ver-
sions of DOS, but subdirectories are
supported only in DOS 2,1 or high-
er. Do not specify directory changes
in the target or source paths if
you're using an earlier version of
DOS,

If you have two drives and
generally use the first drive for the
DOS disk and the second for your
programming disk, change the first
statement in line 100 from
P$ = "A:" to P$ = "B:". This lets
you keep the source disk in drive B
and put the target disk in drive A.

IBM Filecopy

Please refer to "COWPUTEI's Guide to Typing
In Programs" before entering this listing.

KG 10 SCREEN 0: WIDTH 80: COLOR 7,
0

CF 20 CLS: PRINT "Insert source d
isk in drive A and hit any
key to continue"

«H 30 GOSUB 700: A*=INPUT*<1)

IW 40 FILES

K 50 PRINT: INPUT "Enter directo
ry change (N=IMane> > ",DIR
«

CS 60 IF DIR«="N" DR DIR*="n" TH
EN 100

CH 70 ON ERROR GDTD 720

DK B0 CHDIR DIR*

HP 90 ON ERROR GOTO 0:GOTO 40

DL 100 P»="A: "sBDSUB 420: CLS

LF 110 '»»» get target path «»*

SO 120 INPUT "Target path> ",PAT
H«

!ft 130 IF PATH*="B! " OR PATH«="b
s" DR PATH*="fl:" DR PATH*
="as" OR PftTH«="" THEN 19
0

EK 140 PRINT: INPUT "Do you want
to craatB this directory
on the target disk (Y/N)
",A«:IF A*="N" OR fl«="n"
THEN 190 ELSE IF A*<>"Y"
AND A«<>"y" THEN 140

FI 150 ON ERROR GOTO 730

FB 160 MKDIR PATH* : PRINT:PRINT: P
RINT

DP 170 'ttt get files to copy tt
t

OK 180 ON ERROR GOTO 0

August 1935 COMPUTEI 83

CK 190

FDR Z=0 TO FILENUM

m

390

•»«» BntBr DOS «»*

£A

570

NEXT 21, Z

EE 200

PRINT "COPY> ";FILE»(Z);

HN

400

CLS: SYSTEM

m

580

ERASE TEM* : F I LENUM=F I LENU

TAB(24)S"7"i ! COLOR 31,0

Ml

410

't»t directary read in ar

M-1

HN 210

GOSUB 700

ray FILE* t«»

EN

590

DEF SEG

m 220

At=INPUT«(l) : IF ft«<>"Y" fl

IK

420

DEF SEG=0

DF

600

' tt> remove spaces from f

ND A«<>"y" AND A»<>"N" AN

DK

430

CLS: COLOR 31 , 0: PRINT"One

il an Bine tt*

D A«<>"n" THEN 220

morn«nt plaa»"

BP

610

FDR Z=0 TO FILENUM

LC 230

PRINT SPC<2) ;A«: COLOR 7,0

Lft

440

COLOR 7,0!DN ERROR GOTO 4

CK

620

A*=""!PERIOD=0

DJ 240

IF A»="Y" OR A«="y" THEN

60

U

630

FOR Zl=l TO 17

TY(Z)=1 ELSE TY(Z)-0

»

450

FILES P«rDN ERROR GOTO 0s

EA

640

IF «ID*(FILE«(Z),Z1,1)="

IK 250

NEXT Z

SOTO 470

" THEN 660 ELSE IF MID*(F

GO 260

INPUT "Is this all okay (
Y/N> ";A«

m

460

BEEP ! COLOR 3 1 : CLS : PR INT " C
annot r>ad directory" ; COL

ILE»(Z),Z1,1)»="." THEN PE
RIOD-1

Dfi 270

IF A*="N" DR AS="n" THEN

OR 7 1 ON ERROR GOTO 0:END

LM

650

A*-A*+MID*(FILE*(Z>,Z1, 1)

CLSiBOTO 190

ti

470

DIM TEM* (48) ! LOCATE 3,1:C

CN

660

NEXT Zl

NF 280

IF A«<>"Y" AND A*<>"y" TH

OLOR 7tROWS-0

EB

670

FILE*(Z)=A*!lF PERIDD=0 T

EN 260

Ll

480

POKE 1050, 30s POKE 1052,34

HEN FILE»(Z)-FILE«(Z)+". "

LC 290

'*** batch -file creation

sPOKE 1054, 0s POKE 1055,79

EO

6S0

NEXT Z: RETURN

«*t

:POKE 1056, 13: POKE 1057,2

DD

690

'ttt clear keyboard bu-Ffe

PF 300

OPEN "FILECOPY.BAT" FOR 0

5

r ttt

UTPUT AS »1

II

490

LINE INPUT TEMXROWS)

FL

700

DEF SEG»0sPDKE 1050, PEEK (

BJ 310

PRINT #1, "VERIFY ON"

P6

500

IF TEM* (ROWS) <>"" THEN RO

1052)1 RETURN

eO 320

FOR Z=0 TO FILENUM

WS-=ROWS+lieOT0 480

m

710

'ttt error messages ttt

IH 330

IF TY<Z>=0 THEN 350

DE

510

DIM FILE*(ROWS«4-l),TY<RO

B1I

720

BEEP! COLOR 31,0: PRINT "Di

HO 340

PRINT «1,"C0PY "jFILEKZ)

MSt4-l)

rectory does not exist": C

1" "jPATH*

HE

520

RaWS=ROWS-l

OLOR 7, 01 RESUME 50

111 350

NEXT Z

a

530

FOR Z-0 TO ROWS

m

730

BEEPsCDLDR 31 , 0! PRINT: PRI

DD 360

PRINT «1,"REM ••« COPY CD

K

540

FOR Z1=0 TO 3

NT: PRINT "Cannot create d

MPLETE"

OE

550

T»=MID» (TEM* ( Z> , Z 1 * 1 B+1 , 1

irectory — reenter path"

66 370

PRINT #1, "ERASE FILECOPY.

7)

I COLOR 7, 01 RESUME 120 @

BAT"

ID

560

IF T*<>"" THEN FILE* (FILE

«F 380

CLOSE »1

NUM )-T»!FILENUM=FI LENUM+ 1

Apple Text Windows

If you use an Apple //-series com-
puter, you may have cast longing eyes
at the flashy windowing capabilities
of the Macintosh. What you may not
realize is that the Apple II has a built-
in windowing feature of its own— the
text window. The following tech-
niques work on any Apple Il-series
computer with at least i8K RAM.

While it's difficult for an Apple II-
series computer to emulate the slick
graphics of the Macintosh, the Apple
II does have a simple windowing
capability known as the text win-
dow. Basically, a text window is a
section on a low- or high-resolution
graphics screen where text can be
printed. The text window is easily
controlled, too.

You're probably already famil-

Daniel L. Joynt

iar with some aspects of the Apple
II text window. When the computer
is in text mode, in effect the text
window covers the entire screen —
you can print characters wherever
you like. In graphics modes, the
text window is confined to four
lines at the bottom of the screen.
When the four-line window fills up,
text scrolls off the top of the win-
dow to make room for new text at
the bottom. Ordinarily the com-
puter manages the text window
automatically. However, with a few
simple POKEs you can manipulate
the text window on your own —
controlling its size and screen
location.

To see a demonstration of four
different text windows, type in,
save, and run Program 1. To add
windowing to your own BASIC

programs, you can use the subrou-
tine in Program 2 (see instructions

below).

Open Your Own Windows

As you know, the Apple text screen
is 40 columns wide and 24 rows
tall. Any screen location can be de-
fined in terms of an X (column)
coordinate and a Y (row) coordi-
nate. X coordinates range from 0
(far left) to 39 (far right). Y coordi-
nates range from 0 (top) to 23
(bottom).

The Apple text window is con-
trolled with four memory locations
at decimal addresses 32, 33, 34, and
35. By POKEing values in these
locations, you can set the bound-
aries of the window anywhere on
the screen. Location 32 defines the
left boundary of the text window; it

84 COMPUTEI August 1965

takes any value from 0-39, corre-
sponding to X coordinate values.
Location 33 defines the maximum
length of text lines inside the win-
dow, which effectively sets the
right boundary; it accepts any value
from 1-40.

Memory location 34 defines
the top boundary of the text win-
dow. It takes any value from 0-23,
corresponding to Y coordinates. Lo-
cation 35 defines the window's bot-
tom boundary; it accepts values
from 1-24, where 24 is the bottom
row of the screen.

To keep a program from crash-
ing, you must keep all the bound-
aries on the screen. For instance,
the values in locations 32 and 33
when added together must not ex-
ceed 40. Otherwise, the right
boundary would be off the screen.
Illogical configurations — such as
setting the top boundary below the
bottom boundary — also cause a
crash.

Give The Cursor A Home

Once the window is opened, you'll
want to fill it with text. Unfortu-
nately, resetting locations 32-35
does not automatically relocate the
cursor inside the new window. The
HOME command sends the cursor
to the upper-left corner, but also
erases everything inside the win-
dow. To move the cursor less de-
structively, you can use the HTAB
and VTAB commands.

HTAB and VTAB set the screen
location where all following text
will be printed. HTAB moves the
text pointer to a specified column
(1-40), and VTAB moves the text
pointer to the designated row
(1-24). Note that HTAB and VTAB
act differently when used outside of
a text window.

An Easy Window Routine

Program 2 is a subroutine that cre-
ates a text window of any size and
shape and even surrounds it with a
border if you like. It uses line num-
bers 10000-10070, but you can re-
number the lines when adding the
routine to your own programs.
Note that this is a subroutine, not a
complete program; certain steps
must be followed when using the
routine after it has been added to
another program.

Before calling the subroutine
with GOSUB 10000, you must give
each of the following variables a
value within the range indicated. In
addition to setting these variables,
your program should not use the
variables WX and WY, which the
routine uses to draw borders.

Variable

Range

WL

2-39

WR

2-39

WT

2-22

WB

2-22

ws

any single

character

WI

0-2

Line 10000 resets the text win-
dow to the size of the entire screen.
This insures that HTAB and VTAB
place the border properly. In lines
10010-10030 the variable WI de-
fines the print mode of the border.
A value of 0 maintains NORMAL
mode, 1 sets the mode to INVERSE,
and 2 sets it to FLASH.

The variable W$ defines the
character used for the border, which
is drawn in lines 10040-10050. If
you don't want a border, define W$
as a null string (W$ = ""). Line
10060 locates the new text window,
setting the left, right, top, and bot-
tom boundaries with the variables
WL, WR, WT, and WB, respective-
ly. Note that the left and right
boundaries (WL and WR) must be
in the range 2-39 to allow room for
a border. For the same reason, WT
and WB (top and bottom bound-
aries) should be in the range 2-22.
Once the window is defined, line
10070 resets the Apple to NORMAL
mode, clears the inside of the new
text window, and ends the routine.

Program 1 : Window
Demonstration

29 100 TEXT

4i 110 HOHE

Fl 120 REM — DRAW MENU WINDOW

F7 130 WL = 101 WR = 30: WT = SsWB

" isiw* = "ftm = 0

D( 140 GOSUB 10000

EA 150 PRINT

Fl 160 PRINT TAB< 4) j "="== MENU

kC 170 PRINT ! PRINT

I? 180 FDR Y = 1 TO 4

H 190 PRINT TflB( 4)jYi"- MINOOW

("j CHR» (64 + Y) I ">"
E4 200 NEXT Y

C» 210 PRINT ! PRINT : PRINT
a 220 PRINT "CHOOSE WINDOW (1-4

>"(
DA 230 GET Y»
DD 240 IF Y« < "1" OR Y« > "4" T

HEN GOTO 100

i<) 250 U = VflL (Y«)

U 260 ON W BQ5UB 1000,2000,3000

EC 270 FDR Z = 1 TO 1000: NEXT Z

1? 2B0 LIST

57 290 HOME

BF 300 PRINT : PRINT ! PRINT

til 310 PRINT TAB( 3) ("WINDOW (";

CHR» (64 + W>t") "
E3 320 FOR Z = 1 TO 1000: NEXT Z
U 330 REM — DRAW RETURN WINDOW
n 340 WL = 6:WR - 34: WT = 12: WB

' 12>W» ' CHR« (32)lWt •

1
D4 3S0 GOSUB 10000
62 360 PRINT TAB( 5); "PLEASE PRE

SS ANY KEY"i
E3 370 GET Y*
!F 3B0 GOTO 130

C6 1000 REM — DRAW WINDOW (A)
FA 1010 WL = 2jWR = ISsWT = 2:MB

>■ BiM* - CHR« (32)lWI >

1
A? 1020 GOSUB 10000
DD 1030 RETURN

D9 2000 REM — DRAW WINDOW (B)
3E 2010 WL = 26: WR = 39: WT = 2sW

B - SiW* = "1"«WI - 1
4A 2020 GD5UB 10000
DE 2030 RETURN

EA 3000 REM — DRAW WINDOW (C)
SS 3010 WL = 2:UR = 15iWT = 16iW

a • 22tW« • "3"iWI - 0
4B 3020 BOSUB 10000
DF 3030 RETURN

FB 4000 REM — DRAW WINDOW (D)
'4 4010 WL = 26: WR = 39: WT = 16s

WB = 22: W* = "■i-";WI - 1
K 4020 GOSUB 10000
El 4030 RETURN
B4 10000 POKE 32,0: POKE 33,40:

POKE 34,01 POKE 35,24
DB 10010 IF WI = 0 THEN NORMAL
FD 10020 IF WI = 1 THEN INVERSE
4E 10030 IF WI = 2 THEN FLASH
B9 10040 FOR WY = WT - 1 TO WB +

1: VTAB WYi HTAB WL -
li PRINT W«|i HTAB WR +

U PRINT W«)i NEXT
C9 10050 FOR WX = WL TO WR: VTAB

WT - It HTAB WXi PRINT

W«|i VTAB WB + ll HTAB

WXl PRINT W«|i NEXT
if 10060 POKE 32, WL - Is POKE 33
,WR - WL + ll POKE 34, W
T - ll POKE 35, WB
1h 10070 NORMAL s HOME . RETURN

Program 2: Window
Subroutine

B4 10000 POKE 32,01 POKE 33,401

POKE 34,01 POKE 33,24
DB 10010 IF MI - 0 THEN NORMAL
FO 10020 IF WI - 1 THEN INVERSE
K 10030 IF WI - 2 THEN FLASH
SI 10040 FOR WY = WT - 1 TO WB +
ll VTAB WYi HTAB WL -
ll PRINT W«|i HTAB WR +
ll PRINT W«| I NEXT
C9 10030 FOR WX = WL TO WRi VTAB
WT - ll HTAB WXl PRINT
W«|i VTAB WB ■«■ ll HTAB
WXl PRINT W«|i NEXT
4F 10060 POKE 32, WL - 1: POKE 33
,WR - WL + ll POKE 34, W
T - li POKE 35, WB
% 10070 NORMAL I HOME : RETURN

August 1985 COMPUTEI 85

COMPUTErs Guide

To Typing in Programs

Before typing in any progran\, you
should familiarize yourself with your
computer. Learn how to use the key-
board to type in and correct BASIC
programs. Read your manuals to un-
derstand how to save and load BASIC
programs to and from your disk drive or
cassette unit. Computers are precise —
take special care to type the program
exactly as listed, including any neces-
sary punctuation and symbols, except
for special characters as noted below.
To help you with this task, we have
implemented a special listing conven-
tion as well as a program to help check
your typing — the "Automatic Proof-
reader." Please read the following
notes before typing in any programs
from COMPUTE!. They can save you a lot
of time and trouble.

Commodore, Apple, and Atari
programs can contain some hard-to-
read (and hard-to-type) special charac-
ters, so we have developed a listing
system that indicates the function of
these control characters. (There are no
special control characters in our IBM or
TI-99/4A listings.) You will find Com-
modore and Atari special characters
within curly braces; do not type the brac-
es. For example, {CLEAR} or {CLR}
instructs you to insert the symbol
which clears the screen on the Atari or
Commodore machines. For Commo-
dore, Apple, and Atari, a symbol by
itself within curly braces is usually a
control key or graphics key. If you see
{A}, hold down the CTRL key and
press A. This will produce a reverse
video character on the Commodore (in
quote mode), a graphics character on
the Atari, and an invisible control char-
acter on the Apple. Commodore com-
puters also have a special control key
labeled with the Commodore logo.
Graphics characters entered with the
Commodore logo key are enclosed in a
special bracket that looks like this:
fciA::^. In this case, you would hold
down the Commodore logo key as you
type A. Our Commodore listings are in
uppercase, so shifted symbols are un-
derlined. A graphics heart symbol
(SHIFT'S) would be listed as S. One
exception is {SHIFT-SPACE}. When
you see this, hold down SHIFT and
press the space bar. If a number pre-
cedes a symbol, such as (5 RIGHT}, {6

S}, or [<8 Q>], you would enter five
cursor rights, six shifted S's, or eight
Commodore-Q's. On the Atari, inverse
characters (printed in white on black)
should be entered after pressing the
inverse video key.

Since spacing is sometimes impor-
tant, any more than two spaces will be

listed. For example, {6 SPACES} means
to press the space bar six times. Our
listings never leave a space at the end of
a line, instead moving it to the next
printed line as {SPACE}. For your
convenience, we have prepared this
quick-reference chart for the Commo-
dore and Atari special characters:

Atari 400/800/XL/XE

When you see Type

{CLEAR} ESC

{UP> ESC

<DDWN} ESC

tLEFT> ESC

CRIQHTJ ESC

{BACK S> ESC

{DELETE> ESC

{INSERTl ESC

{DEL LINE> ESC

CINS LINO ESC

{TAB> ESC

{CLR TAB> ESC

{SET TAB> esc

{BELL> ESC

{ESO ESC

SHIFT <
CTRL -
CTRL =
CTRL +
CTRL «
DELETE
CTRL DELETE
CTRL INSERT
SHIFT DELETE
SHIFT INSERT
TAB

CTRL TAB
SHIFT TAB
CTRL 2
ESC

See

■f

■f
*

u
□

►
ca

E3

CI ear Screen
Cursor Up
Cursor Down
Cursor Left
Cursor Right
Backspace
Delete character
Insert character
Delete line
Insert line
TAB key
Clear tab
Set tab stop
Ring buzzer
ESCape key

Press:

See:

SHIFT

CIR/HOME

aR(HOME

^

SHIFT

t CRSR [

I CRSR [

«- CRSR -<■

■CRSR —

CTRL

n
m

s

Commodore PET/CBM/VIC 64/128/16/+4

When >bu
Read:

g3g
§4^

ie3

{Fl }

( R >
i B !
( K 1
{ F5)
[H]
{ F7}
{ F8 }
<«

When You
Read:

{CLR}
{HOME)

{UP!

(DOWN)

(LEFT)

{RIGHT}

{RVS)

{OFF}

{BLK}

{WHT}

{RED}

{CYN)

{FUR)

{GRN)

{BLU)

{YEL)

Press:

See:

COMMODORE

[COMMODORE

I COMMODORE

COMMODORE

COMMODORE

HE

an

CTRL

COMMODORE

■ ■

CTRL

1

CTRL

2

CTRL

3

CTRL

4

CTRL

5

CTRL

6

CTRL

7

CTRL

i

□
ca

SHIFT

SHIFT

(5

SHIFT

fs

f7

SHIFT

(7

86 COMPUTE! August 1985

The Automatic Proofreader

We have developed a series of simple,
yet effective programs that can help
check your typing. Type in the appro-
priate Proofreader program listed be-
low, then save it for future use. On the
VIC, 64, or Atari, run the Proofreader to
activate it, then enter NEW to erase the
BASIC loader (the Proofreader remains
active, hidden in memory, as a machine
language program). Pressing RUN/
STOP-RESTORE or SYSTEM RESET
deactivates the Proofreader. You can
use SYS 886 to reactivate the VIC/64
Proofreader, or PRINT USR(1536) to
reenable the Atari Proofreader. On the
Apple, the Proofreader automatically
erases the BASIC portion of itself after
you activate it by typing RUN, leaving
only the machine language portion in
memory. It works with either DOS 3.3
or ProDOS, Disable the Apple Proof-
reader by pressing CTRL-RESET before
running another BASIC program. The
IBM Proofreader is a BASIC program
that simulates the IBM BASIC line edi-
tor, letting you enter, edit, list, save, and
load programs that you type. Type
RUN to activate.

Once the Proofreader is active, try
typing in a line. As soon as you press
RETURN, either a decimal number (on
the Commodore), a hexadecimal num-
ber (on* the Apple), or a pair of fetters
(on the Atari or IBM) appears. The
number or pair of letters is called a
checksum. Try making a change in the
line, and notice how the checksum
changes.

All you need to do is compare the
value provided by the Proofreader with
the checksum printed in the program
listing in the magazine. In Commodore
listings, the checksum is a number from
0 to 255. It is set off from the rest of the
line with rem. This prevents a syntax
error if the checksum is typed in, but
the REM statements and checksums
need not be typed in. It is just there for
your information.

In Atari, Apple, and IBM listings,
the checksum is given to the left of each
line number. Just type in the program
one line at a time (without the printed
checksum) and compare the checksum
generated by the Proofreader to the
checksum in the listing. If they match,
go on to the next line. If not, check your
typing: You've made a mistake. On the
Commodore, Atari, and Apple Proof-
readers, spaces are not counted as part
of the checksum, so be sure you type
the right number of spaces between
quote marks. The Commodore and
Atari Proofreaders do not check to see
that you've typed the characters in the
right order, so if characters are trans-
posed, the checksum still matches the
listing. Because of the checksum meth-

od used, do not type abbreviations,
such as ? for PRINT, The IBM Proof-
reader is the pickiest of all; it will detect
errors in spacing and transposition. Be
sure to leave Caps Lock on, except
when typing lowercase characters.

IBM Proofreader Commands

Since the IBM Proofreader replaces the
computer's normal BASIC line editor, it
has to include many of the direct-mode
IBM BASIC commands. The syntax is
identical to IBM BASIC. Commands
simulated are LIST, LLIST, NEW,
FILES, SAVE, and LOAD. When listing
your program, press any key (except
Ctrl-Break) to stop the listing. If you
type NEW, the Proofreader prompts
you to press Y to be sure you mean yes.
Two new commands are BASIC
and CHECK. BASIC exits the Proof-
reader back to IBM BASIC, leaving the
Proofreader in memory. CHECK works
just like LIST, but shows the checksums
along with the listing. After you have
typed in a program, save it to disk.
Then exit the Proofreader with the
BASIC command, and load the pro-
gram in BASIC as usual (this replaces
the Proofreader in memory). You can
now run the program, but you may
want to resave it to disk. The version of
your program that you resave from
BASIC will take up less space on disk
and will load faster, but it can no longer
be edited with the Proofreader. If you
want to convert a program to Proof-
reader format, save it to disk with SAVE
"filename",A.

Special Proofreader Notes
For Commodore Cassette
Users

The Proofreader resides in a section of
memory called the cassette buffer,
which is used during tape LOADs and
SAVEs. Therefore, be sure to press
RUN/STOP-RESTORE to get the Proof-
reader out of the way before saving or
loading a program. If you want to use
the Proofreader vrith tape, run the
Proofreader, then enter these two lines
exactly as shown, pressing RETURN
after each one:

A$ = "PROOFRE ADER.T":B$ = "{ 10
SPACES}":FOR X = l TO 4:A$ = A$
+ B$:NEXT

FOR X = 886 TO 1018:A$=A$ + CHR$
(PEEK(X)):NEXT:OPEN 1,1,1,A$:
CLOSEl

Then insert a blank tape and press RE-
CORD and PLAY to save a special ver-
sion of the Proofreader. Anytime you
need to reload the Proofreader after it
has been erased — for example, after
you reload a paritally completed pro-
gram— just rewind the tape, type
0PEN1:CL0SE1, then press PLAY.

You'll see the message FOUND
PROOFREADER.T, but not the familiar
LOADING message. Don't worry; the
Proofreader is in memory. When
READY comes back, enter SYS 886.

Program 1: vic/64
Proofreader

By Charles Brannon, Program Editor

10 PRIHT"(CLR} PLEASE WAIT..."*

FORI=886TO1018 ! READAtCK=CK+

A:POKEI,A:NEXT
20 IF CK<> 17539 THEN PRINT"

(down} YOU MADE AN ERROR": PR

INT "IN DATA STATEMENTS. ": EN

D
30 SYS886:PRINT"{CLR] (2 DOWNiP

ROOFREADER ACTIVATED. ": NEW
40 DATA 17 3,036,003,201,150,20

8,001,096,141,151,003,173
50 DATA 037,003,141,152,003,16

9,150,141,036,003,169,003
60 DATA 141,037,003,169,000,13

3,254,096,032,087,241,133
70 DATA 251,134,252,132,253,00

8,201,013,240,017,201,032
80 DATA 240,005,024,101,254,13

3,254,165,251,166,252,164
90 DATA 253,040,096,169,013,03

2,210,255,165,214,141,251
100 DATA 003,206,2 51,003,169,0
00,133,216,169,019,032,210
110 DATA 255,169,018,032,210,2

55,169,58,032,210,255,166

120 DATA 254,169,000,133,254,1

72 , 151 , 003 , 1 92 , 087 , 208 , 006

130 DATA 032,205,189,076,235,0

03,032,205,221,169,032,032

140 DATA 210,255,032,210,255,1

73,251,003,133,214,076,173

150 DATA 003

Program 2: Atari
Proofreader

By Charles Brannon, Program Editor

100

1 10

120

130
140

190
160

170

180

190

200

210

QRAPHIC8 0

FOR I- 1336 TO 17001 RE

AD A) POKE I,ftiCK-CK+A

iNEXT I

IF CKO19072 THEN ? "

Error In DATA Statame

nta. Ctiack Typing. "i

END

A-uaR( 1S36)

7 I? "Automatic Proof

rmmdmr Nom Activatad.

END

DATA

,3,20

DATA

08,24

DATA

,6, IS

DATA

74,6,

DATA

41,78

DATA

8, 109

104, 16
1,69,2
200,20

13,96,2
133,26

S3, 26, 3
0, 189,
232,22
208,24

t,6, 169

79,6,2

1,141

0,0, 185,26

40,7

0, 192,34,2

00, 169,74

,3,200, 169

, 162

0,228, 157,

4, 16

S, 169,93, 1

,6, 141

4, 173,4, 22

,93

August 19B5 COMPUTE) 87

220 DATA 6, 173,5, 22B, 103,

0. 141,96,6, 169
230 DATA 0,133,203,96,247

.236, 123,241,93,6
240 DATA 244,241,113,241,

124,241,76,209,236
250 DATA 0,0,0,0,0,32,62,

246,6,201
260 DATA 139,240,13,201,3

2,240,7,72,24, 101
270 DATA 203,133,203,104,

40,96,72, 152,72, 1 SB
260 DATA 72,160,0,169,128

, 145, 88,200, 192,40
290 DATA 206,249,165,203,

74,74,74,74,24, 105
300 DATA 161,160,3,145,66

, 165,203, 41, 15, 24
310 DATA 105,161,200,145,

8B, 169,0, 133,203, 104
320 DATA 170,104,168,104,

40,96

Program 3: IBM Proofreader

By Charles Brannon, Program Editor

10 'Automatic Proofreader Ver

sion 2.00 (Lines 270,510,5

15,517,620,630 changed -fro

ID VI. 0)

100 DIM L*(500) ,LNUM(500) :CDL

OR 0,7, 7! KEY OFFiCLS:MftX=

0:LNUhl(0) =65536!
110 DN ERROR GOTO 1 20: KEY 15,

CHR«(4)+CHR*(70)sON KEYd

5) 80SUB 640: KEY (15) GN:

GOTO 130
120 RESUME 130

130 DEF SEG=*iH40:W=PEEK(t<H4A)
140 DN ERROR GOTO 650: PRINT: P

RINT"Proo-f reader Ready. "
150 LINE INPUT L«: Y=CSRLIN-IN

T(LEN<L»}/W) -I: LOCATE Y, I
160 DEF SEG=0:PaKE 1050, 30: PD

KE 1052, 34! POKE 1054, 0!PO

KE 1055, 79: POKE 1056, 13: P

DKE 1057, 28: LINE INPUT L$

:DEF SESiIF L«="" THEN 15

0
170 IF LeFT«(L«,l) = " ■■ THEN L

«=MID«{L*,2) sGOTD 170
iB0 IF VflL(LEFTt(L*,2) )=0 AND
MID* <L*, 3,1)=" " THEN L*

=MID«<L»,4)
190 LNUM=VAL(L*):TEXT*=M1D*(L

«,LEN<BTRt(LNUM) )+l)
200 IF AaC(L»)>57 THEN 260 'n

o line number, there-fore

camoiand
210 IF TEXT«="" THEN GQSUB 54

0s IF LNUM=LNUM(P) THEN GO

SUB 560: GOTO 150 ELSE 150
220 CKSUM=0:FDR 1=1 TO LEN(Lt

) ! CKSUM= ( CKSUM+ ASC ( M I D« ( L

*,I))«I) AND 255: NEXT: LOG

ATE Y, Is PRINT CHR* (65+CKS

Ut1/16)+CHR4(65+(CKSUM AND
15))+" "+L*
230 GDSUB 340: IF LNUMCP)=LNUM
THEN L«(P)=TEXT«:GOTO 15

0 'replace line
240 GDSUB 580: SOTO 150 ' i nser

t the line
260 TEXTS="":FOR 1=1 TO LENtL

*) s A=fiSC (MID* (L*, I ) ) : TEXT

«=TEXT«+CHR«(A+32t(A>96 A

ND A<123) ) :NEXT

270

280
290
300
310

320

330

340
350
360

370
380
390
400
410

420
430
440

450
460
470

480
490

500

510

SIS

517
520

DELIM1TER=INBTR(TEXT«," "

) r CaMMAND*=TEXT» : ARQ»=

IF DELIMITER THEN COMMAND

t=LEFT«(TEXT«,DELIMIT£R-l

> ! flRB*=-MID* (TEXT*, DELIMIT

ER+1) ELSE DELIM1TER=INST

R(TEXT«,CHR*{34) ) : IF DELI

MITER THEN COMWAND»=LEFT»

(TEXT*,DELIMITER-1)!ARG«=

MID* (TEXT*, DELIMITER)

IF COMMAND*<>"LIST" THEN

410

□PEN "scrns" FOR OUTPUT A

S ttl

IF fiRG*="" THEN FIRST=0:P

=MAX-1:GDT0 340

DEL I M I TER= I NSTR ( ARG* , " - " )

s IF DELIMITER=0 THEN LNUM

=VAL(ARG«}:GaSUB 540:FIRS

T=P:GOTO 340

FIRST=VAL(LEFT»(ftRG*,DELI

MITER))sLAST=VAL(MID«(ARG

«,DELIMITER+1))

LNUM=FIRST:GOSUB 540: FIRS

T=P:LNUM=LAST5 0OSUB 540! I

F P=0 THEN P=MAX-1

FDR X=FIRST TO P:N«=MID»(

STR*(LNUM(X) ) ,2)+" "

IF CKFLAG=0 THEN A«="":GO

TD 370

CKSUM=0!A*=Nt+L«(X):FOR I

-1 TD LENIA*) :CKSUM=(CKSU

M+A5C(MID*(A*, I>) tl) AND

255s NEXT: A*=CHR* (65+CKSUM

/16)+CHR*(6a+(CKSUM AND 1

5))+" "

PRINT «1,AS+N»+L*<X)

IF 1NKEV*<>"" THEN X=P

NEXT : CLOSE »lsCKFLAG=0

GOTO 130

IF CDMMAND»="LLIST" THEN

OPEN "Iptll" FOR OUTPUT A

S *lsSDTD 300

IF COMMAND«=" CHECK" THEN

CKFLAG=1:GDT0 290

IF COMMAND*<>"SAVE" THEN

450

GOSUB 6005 OPEN ARE* FDR 0

UTPUT AS #l!ARG*=""sGOTD

300

IF CDMMAND*<>"LOAD" THEN

490

GOSUB 600! OPEN ARG* FOR I

NPUT AS *l;MAX=0!P=a

WHILE NOT E0F(1):LINE INP

UT •1,L*3LNUM(P)=VAL(L*);

L« (P) =MID» (L«, LEN dsiRt (VA

L(L*) ) )+l) !P=P+lsWEND

MAX=P: CLOSE WlsGOTO 130

IF CDMMAND*="NEU" THEN IN

PUT "Erase program - Are

you surB";L«!lF LEFT«(L«,

l)-"y" OR LEFT«(L«, 1)="Y"

THEN MAX=08GOTQ 1308ELSE

130
IF COMMAND*="BASIC" THEN
COLOR 7, 0,0: ON ERROR GOTO

03CLS:END
IF COMMAND«<>"FILES" THEN

520
IF ARG«="" THEN ARG»="A: •'

ELSE SEL^'ls GOSUB 600
FILES ARG* ! GOTO 130
PR I NT "Syntax error "sBOTO
130

540 P=0: WHILE LNUM>LNUM(P) AN
D P<MAX!P-P+l«WENDsRF-TURN

560 MAX=MAX-lsFOR X=P TD MAX:
LNUM(X)-LNUM(X+l)iL*(X)=L
*(X+1> I NEXTs RETURN

580 MAX=MAX+l!FOR X=MAX TO P+
1 STEP -1 s LNUM (X) -LNUM ( X-
l)lL«(X)-L«(X-l)tNEXTlL«(
P ) -TEXT* : LNUM ( P ) -LNUM t RET
URN

600 IF LEFT«(ARG*,1)<>CHR*(34
) THEN 520 ELSE AR6«-MID«
(ARG*,2>

610 IF RIGHT* (ARG*, 1>=CHR* (34
) THEN ARB«-LEFT«(ARB*,LE
N(ARG*)-1>

620 IF SEL=0 AND INSTRCARB*,"
.")-0 THEN ARQ*-ARB»+".BA

630 SEL-=0: RETURN

640 CLOSE #lsCKFLAG=0!PRINT"S

topped. "I RETURN 150
650 PRINT "Error #"jERRiRESUM

E 1S0

Program 4: Apple
Proofreader

By Tim Victor, Editorial
Programmer

768 TD 768 +
C + As POKE I

10 C = 0: FOR I

68: READ A:C

,ft! NEXT
20 IF C < > 7258 THEN PRINT "ER

ROR IN PROOFREADER DATA STAT

EMENTS"! END
30 IF PEEK (190 « 256) < > 76 T

HEN POKE 56,0! POKE 57,3: CA

LL 1002s GOTO 50
40 PRINT CHR* (4) ; "IN«A*300"
50 POKE 34,0; HOME s POKE 34,1:
VTAB 2: PRINT "PROOFREADER

INSTALLED"
60 NEU

100 DATA 216,32,27,253,201,141
110 DATA 208,60,138,72,169,0
120 DATA 72,189,255,1,201,160
130 DATA 240,8,104,10,125,255
140 DATA 1,103,0,72,202,208
150 DATA 238,104,170,41,15,9
160 DATA 48,201,58,144,2,233
170 DATA 57,141,1,4,138,74
180 DATA 74,74,74,41,15,9
190 DATA 48,201,58,144,2,233
200 DATA 57,141,0,4,104,170
210 DATA 169,141,96

COMPUTEI August 1985

MLX

Machine Language Entry Program
For Commodore 64

Charles Brannon, Program Editor

MLX is a labor-saving utility that al-
lows almost fail-safe entry of machine
language programs published in COM-
PUTE!. You need to know nothing about
machine language to use MLX — it was
designed for everyone. At least 8K ex-
pansion memory is required.

MLX is a new way to enter long machine
language (ML) programs with a mini-
mum of fuss. MLX lets you enter the
numbers from a special list that looks
similar to BASIC DATA statements. It
checks your typing on a line-by-line
basis. It won't let you enter illegal char-
acters when you should be typing num-
bers. It won't let you enter numbers
greater than 255 (forbidden in ML). It
won't let you enter the wrong numbers
on the wrong line. In addition, MLX
creates a ready- to-use tape or disk fOe.

Using MLX

Type in and save the appropriate ver-
sion of MLX (you'll want to use it in the
future). When you're ready to type in an
ML program, run MLX. MLX for the 64
asks you for two numbers: the starting
address and the ending address. These
numbers are given in the article accom-
panying the ML program.

When you run MLX, you'U see a
prompt corresponding to the starting
address. The prompt is the current line
you are entering from the listing. It in-.
creases by sbt each time you enter a line.
That's because each line has seven num-
bers— six actual data numbers plus a
checksum number. The checksum verifies
that you typed the previous six numbers
correctly. If you enter any of the six
numbers wrong, or enter the checksum
wrong, the computer rings a buzzer and
prompts you to reenter the line. If you
enter it correctly, a bell tone sounds and
you continue to the next line.

MLX accepts only numbers as in-
put. If you make a typing error, press the
INST/DEL key; the entire number is
deleted. You can press it as many times
as necessary back to the start of the line.
If you enter three-digit numbers as list-
ed, the computer automatically prints
the comma and goes on to accept the
next number. If you enter less than three
digits, you can press either the space bar
or RETURN key to advance to the next
number. The checksum automatically
appears in inverse video for emphasis.

To simplify your typing, MLX rede-
fines part of the keyboard as a numeric
keypad (lines 581-584):

U I O 7 8 9

H J K L become 0 4 5 6

M , . 12 3

64 MLX Commands

When you finish typing an ML listing
(assuming you type it all in one session),
you can then save the completed pro-
gram on tape or disk. Follow the screen
instructions. If you get any errors while
saving, you probably have a bad disk, or
the disk is full, or you've made a typo
when entering the MLX program itself.
You don't have to enter the whole
ML program in one sitting. MLX lets you
enter as much as you want, save it, and
then reload the file from tape or disk
later. MLX recognizes these commands:

SHIFT-S: Save
SHIFT-L: Load
SHIFT-N: New Address
SHIFT-D: Display

When you enter a command, MLX
jumps out of the line you've been typ-
ing, so we recommend you do it at a new
prompt. Use the Save command to save
what you've been working on. It will
save on tape or disk, as if you've fin-
ished, but the tape or disk won't work,
of course, until you finish the typing.
Remember what address you stop at.
The next time you run MLX, answer all
the prompts as you did before, then
insert the disk or tape. When you get to
the entry prompt, press SHlFT-L to re-
load the partly completed file into mem-
ory. Then use the New Address
command to resume typing.

To use the New Address command,
press SHlFT-N and enter the address
where you previously stopped. The
prompt will change, and you can then
continue typing. Always enter a New
Address that matches up with one of the
line numbers in the special Usting, or
else the checksum won't work. The Dis-
play command lets you display a section
of your typing. After you press SHIFT-
D, enter two addresses within the line
number range of the listing. You can
abort the listing by pressing any key.

64 MLXr Machine Language
Entry

10 REM LINES CHANGED FROM MLX

£SPACE}VERSION 2.00 ARE 750

,765,770 AND 860 : rem 50

20 REM LINE CHANGED FROM MLX V

ERSION 2.01 IS 300 irem 147

100 PRINT" t CLR } E 6 3 " ? CHR? ( 142 ) ;

CHR?(8); :POKE53281,l:POKE5

3280,1 !rem 67

101 POKE 788, 52: REM DISABLE RU
N/STOP :rem 119

110 PRINT" {RVS} (39 SPACES} ";

:rera 176

120 PRINT" (RVS){ 14 SPACES J
(right) [OFF)g*|£{RVS}
(RIGHT) ( RIGHT jT2 SPACES)
E*l[OFF)g*|£(RVS)£(RVS}
(14 SPACES)"; : rem 250

130 PRINT" (RVS) (14 SPACES)
(RIGHT) ^gI (right)
(2 RIGHT) (0FF)£{RVS)£
E*3(OFF)g*|[RVST
(l4 SPACES)"; :rem 35

140 PRINT "(RVS) (41 SPACES)"

:rem 120

200 PRINT" (2 DOWN) (PUR) (BLK) M
ACHINE LANGUAGE EDITOR VER
SIOR 2.02(5 DOWN)": rem 2 38

210 PRINT"^53(2 UP)STARTING AD

DRESS?{8 SPACES)(9 LEFT)";

irem 143

215 INPUTS:F=l-FtC$=CHR$( 31+11.
9*F) :rem 166

220 IFS<256OR(S>40960ANDS<4915
2)ORS>53 247THENGOSUB3000;G
DTO210 :rem 235

225 PRINT: PRINT: PRINT :rem 180

230 PRINT"E51(2 UP}ENDING ADDR
ESS? (8 SPACES) (9 LEFT)";: I
NPUTE:F=1-F:CS=CHR$( 31+119
*F) :rem 20

240 1FE<256OR(E>40960ANDE<4915
2 ) ORE> 53247THENGOSUB3800 : G
OTO230 :rem 183

250 IPE<STHENPRINTC$;"{HVS)END
ING < START ( 2 SPACES ) " :GOS
UB1000:GOTO 230 : rem 176

260 PRINT: PRINT: PRINT :rem 179

300 PRINT" (CLR) ";CHR5( 14 ) :AD=S

:rem 56

310 A=lsPRINTRIGHT$("0000"+MID
5(STR5(AD),2),5)f":";

:rem 3 3

315 F0RJ=AT06 : rem 3 3

320 GOSUB570:IFN=-1TKENJ=J+N:G
OTO320 :rem 2 28

390 IFN=-211THE« 710 :reni 62

400 IFN=-204THEN 790 ; rem 64

410 IFN=-206THENPRINT:INPUT"

(DQITN) ENTER NEW ADDRESS" ;Z
Z : rem 44

415 IFN=-206THENIFZZ<SORZZ>ETH
EPIPRINT"(RVS)OUT OF RANGE"
:GOSUB1000:GOTO410:rera 225

417 IFN=-206THENAD=ZZ:PRINT:GO
TO310 :rem 238

420 IF No-196 THEN 480

:rem 133

430 PRINT ! INPUT " DI SPLAY : FROM " ;
F: PRINT, "TO"; :INPUTT

:rem 234

440 IFF<SORP>E0RT<SORT>ETHENPR
IBT"AT LEAST" ;S;" (LEFT). N
OT MORE THAN";E:GOTO430

; rem 159

450 F0RI=FT0TSTEP6: PRINT: PRINT
RIGHT? ( "0000"+MID5(STR$(I)
, 2 ) , 5 ) ; " : " ; : rem 30

451 FORK=0TO5:K=PEEK( I+K) :PRIN
TRIGHT5( "00"+MID?(STRS(N) ,
2),3);","; : rem 66

August 1 985 COMPUTEI B9

460 GETA5tIFA?>""THENPRINT:PRI
NT:GOTO310 irein 25

470 NEXTKiPRINTCHR?(20> ; iSEXTI
SPRINT: PRINT:GOTO310

: rem 50

480 IPN<0 THEN PRIKT:GOTO310

:rem 168

490 A(J)=N:NEXTJ : rem 199

500 CKSUM=AD-INT(AD/256)*256:F
0RI=1T06:CKSUH=(CKSUM+A( I)
)AND255:NEXT : rem 200

510 PRINTCHR5(i8) ; :GOSUB570:PR
INTCHR5(146); : rem 94

511 IFN=-lTHENA=6:GOT0315

:rem 254

515 PRINTCHR$(20) :IFN=CKSUMTHE

N530 :rem 122

520 PRINT: PRINT "LIKE ENTERED W

RONG : RE-ENTER": PRINT :GOS

UB1000!GOTO3I0 :rem 176

530 GOSUB2000 irem 218

540 F0RI=1T06:P0KEAD+I-1,A(I> :

NEXT:POKE5427 2,0:POKE54273

,0 :rem 2 27

550 AD=AD+6:IF AD<E THEM 310

: rem 212
560 GOTO 710 :rem 108

570 N=0:Z=0 :rem 88

580 PRINT "g£i",' :reni 81

581 GETA?!lFA$=""THEN581

:rem 95

582 AV=-{A5="M")-2*(A$=",")-3*
(A$=" . " )-4* (A$=" J" )-5* ( A$=
"K")-6*(A5="L") :rein 41

583 AV=AV-7*(A5="U")-S*(A?="I"
)-9*(A$="0") !IFA?="H"THENA
Sss"0" srein 134

584 IPAV>0THENAS=CHR$(46+AV)

:rein 134

585 PRINTCHR$(20); :A=ASC(A5) :I
FA=13ORA=44ORA=32THEN670

! rem 229
590 IFA>128THENN=-A:RETURN

:reni 137
600 IFAO20 THEN 630 : rem 10
610 GOSUB690!lFI=lANDT=44THENN
=-1 :PRIKT"lOFF}{LEFT)
{left] "; :GOTO690 :reni 62

620 GOTO570 : rem 109

630 IFA<48ORA>57THEN580

rrein 105
640 PRINTA5; :H=N*10+A-48

srejn 106

650 IFN>255 THEN A=20:GOSUB100

0:GOTO600 :rem 229

660 2=Z+1:IFZ<3THEN580 :rem 71

670 IF2=0THRNGOSUB1000:GOTO570

: rem 114
680 PRINT", "r :RETURN : rem 240

690 S%=PEEK(209)+256*PEEK(210)
+PEEK(211) :rem 149

691 F0RI=1T03:T=PEEK(S%-I)

trem 67
695 IFT<>44ANDT<>5aTHENPOKES%-

I,32:NEXT :rem 205

700 PRINTLEFT5{';[3 LEFT) ",1-1)

; : RETURN ' : rem 7
710 PRINT" (CLRl {RVS}*** SAVE *

**{3 DOWN)" :rem 236
715 PRINT" (2 DOWN) (PRESS { RVS )

RETURN (OFF) ALONE TO CAKCE

L SAVE) (down)" :rem 106
720 F$="":INPUT"ED0WN} FILENAM

E";F$:IFF?=""THENPRINT:PRI

NT:GOTO310 : rem 71

730 PRINT:PRINT"[2 DOIVN } f RVS ) T

JOFFJAPE OR (RVS)D(0FF)ISK

: (T/D)" :rem 228

740 GETA? : IFA? < > "T" ANDAS<> "D"T

HEN740 :rem 36

750 DV=1-7*(A5="D") :IFDV=eTHEN
FS="0:"+F5iOPEN15,3,15, "S"
+F9:CLOSE15 s rem 212

760 T$=F$:ZK=PEEK(53)+ZS6*PEEK
( 54) -LEN{ T5 ) : POKE782 , ZK/25
6 : rem 3

762 POKE781,ZK-PEEK(782)*256:P
OKE780,LEN{T$) :SYS65469

trem 109

763 POKE7B0,1:POKE781,DV:POKE7
82,ltSYS65466 :rem 69

765 K=S:POKE254,K/256sPOKE253,
K-PEEK ( 254 )-* 256 : POKE780 , 2 5
3 :rem 17

766 K=E+l:POKE782,K/256!POKE78
1 , K-PEEK( 782 )*256 :SYS65496

;rem 235
770 IF(PEEK(783)AND1)0R(191AND

ST)THEN780 :rem 111
775 PRI NT "( DOWN )DOME. [down]" :G

OTO310 :rem 113

780 PRINT "(DOWN) ERROR ON SAVE.
{2 SPACES )TRY AGAIN. "iIFDV
=1THEN720 :rem 171

781 0PEN15,8,15:INPUT#15,E1$,E
2? :PRINTE1$ r E2S :CL0SE15 :G0
TO7 20 :rem 103

790 PRINT" [CLR) {RVS]*** LOAD *
**{2 DOWN)" :reni 212

795 PRINT" [2 DOVml (PRESS [ RVS )
RETURN (OFF) ALONE TO CANCE
L LOAD)" :rem 8 2

800 F$="":INPUT" [2 DOWN) FILEN
AME";F$!lFF5=""THENPRINTia
OTO310 :rem 144

810 PRIKT:PRINT"[2 DOWN) (RVS )T
{OFF} APE OR (RVS3d{0FF)ISK
: (T/D)" :rem 227

820 GETA?!lFA$<>"T"ANDA5<>"D"T
HEK820 :rem 34

830 DV=1-7*(A$="D") iIFDVs-STHEN
F5="0!"+F$ :rem 157

840 T$=F5:ZK=PEEK(53)+256*PEEK
(54)-LEN(T5) :POKE782, ZK/25
6 I rem 2

841 POKE781,ZK-PEEK(782)*256:P
OKE780,LEN(T5) :SYS65469

: rem 107
845 POKE7S0,1:POKE781,DV!POKE7
82,1 !SYS65466 :rem 70
850 POKE780,0:SYS65493 : rem 11
860 IF(PEEK(783)AND1)0R(191AND
ST)THENa70 :reni 1X1

865 PRINT"{D0WN)D0NE. ":GOTO310

; rem 96
870 PRINT "{down) ERROR ON LOAD.
{2 SPACES }TRY AGAIN. { DOlrtI)
":IFDV=1THEN800 : rem 172
880 OPEN15,8,15:lNPUT#15,E15,E
2? : PRINTEl? ; E2$ : CL0SE15 :G0
TO800 :rem 102

1000 REM BUZZER : rem 135

1001 POKE54296,15:POKB54277,45
:POKE54278,165 :rem 207

1002 POKE54276,33!POKE 54273,6
;POKE54272,5 : rem 42

1003 FORT=lTO200:NEXTsPOKE5427
6,32: POKE54273 , 0 : POKE5427
2,0: RETURN trem 202

2000 REM BELL SOUND s rem 78

2001 POKES4296,15:POKE54277,0:
POKE54278,247 s rem 152

2002 POKE 54276,17 :POKE54273, 4
0sPOKE54272,0 : rem 86

2003 FORT=1TO100:NEXT:POKE5427
6, 16: RETURN : rem 57

3000 PRINTC?j"{RVS)NOT ZERO PA
GE OR ROM":GOTO1000

: rem 89

90 COMPUTEI August 1985

from

COMPUTER

HOUSE

Specialties,..

American Covers

Leather Look - Durable

for all Drives. Computers &

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Axiom Interfaces

Parallax- AT 69.95

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Discwasher
Spike Masters

FP-1000 59-95

P-1000 49,95

P-500 18.95

Carl Battery Pack
Caring Case

199,95

MPP Modems

1000E 89.95

1064 , 79.95

Video 7 C-64 Modem 39.95

MPP

Interface 1150 63.95

Print Buffer 119.95

1200 Baud MPP Modem .....,.,. Call

Indus Disk Drives

GT-Atari 259,95

GT-C-64 269.95

GT-Apple ....'. 179.95

Intronic Kameleon

Apple 2C M-100 Interface 69.95

AS Switch Box w/cobies 99.00

Josco Printer Cable

IBM Printer Coble 24.95

MTR Monitor

IBM-nL Green or Amber 169.95

w/swivel & tilt base

Star MIcronics, Inc.

SG10 239.95

SG10C. 259.00

SD10 Call

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SR15 Call

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SUPERPRINTER PACKAGES

SG-IO&U-PrmtA 289

Panasonic 1091 and U-Print A , 339

Panasonic 1090 and U-Print A 269

Legend 880 and U-Print A 287

Citoh 851 OAP and U-PrinI A 369

Powertype & U-Print A 369

Super Printer Packages have no extra charges when

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ATARI INTERFACES INDUS GT

GENERAL
HARDWARE

Aid Intedasl I , . . . 99,95

U-Print A 59.95

MPP1150 64.95

U-Print A/16K Buffer

79.95

U-Print A/32K Buffer

99 95
U-PfintA/MK Buffer

109.95

R-Verter Arjaptor 39.95

for Atari 219

MPP 1000E

Moderr 89.95

U-Call Modem
Adapter 44.95

MMMi

Basic XL-Carl

. 49.95

Mac eSXL-Carl

. 62.95

Action-Cart

. 62.95

[Writer's Tool-Carl

. 62.95

Monicey Wrench ll-Carl

. 23.95

Ftamrod XL & Omniview XL

99.95

r Nik Dim AitqusI 31 I^IS

ATARI SOFTWARE

BflODERBUND

Bank Streel Wnter-D -19,95

Loilerunner-D 23.95

Spelunker-D 20.95

Steim-D 20.95

Print Shop-D 34.95

Serpent's Slar-D . . 27.95

Prim Shop Paper .... 16.95

ELECTRONIC ARTS

Arcfton 19.95

Arction il 24.95

Mule 19.95

flealm/lmpossibility . 19.95

Murder.'Zindernejl , , 19.95

Music Construction . 19.95

Pinball Construction 19.95

One on One 24.95

Seven Cities of Gold 24.95

Financial Cookbook , 29.95

INFOCOM

Hitcbiker-D 29.95

Zork 1,11 or III 29.95

Enchanter-D 29.95

Deadlifie-D 34.95

Wist)finger-D 29.95

MICROPROSE

F-t5 Slrike Eagle-D 23.95

Crusade in Eurape-D 27.95

Decision in Deserl-D 27,95

Kennedy Aoproach-D 23.95

MISCELLANEOUS
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Right Simulator ll-D . 34.95

S.A.M.-O 41.95

Megafont-0 19.95

Monkey Wrencft ll-Cart !9,95

Beachbead-DT 23.95

Spy vs. Spv-D 23.95

WPP Modern Driver-D 19.95

Net Worlh-D 49,95

Omnitrend Universe-D 69.95

Adventure Writer-D 27.95

MMGConnpilBr-0 ., ., 69.95

Summer Games-O , 27,95

Pitstop ll-O , , , 27,95

Ultima 1-0 23,95

Ultima ll-D 41.95

Ultima IV-0 41,95

MISC. ATARI (cont'd.)

Letter PerfeclSpell-D 49,95

Raid Over Moscow-0 27,95

MicroLeaQ Baseball-0 29.95

Paper Ciip-D 39,95

On-Track Racing-D . . 20.95

Home Pak-D 34.95

B-Graph-D 49,95

Data Perlect-D 49,95

OSS

MAC65 Tool Kil-D , 27,95
Action Tool Kit-0 , . , 27,95
Basic XL Tool Kil-D , 27,95

SSI

Carrier Force-D 41,95

Combat Leader-D,T , 27,95
Cosm-c Balance ll-D , 27,95
Cosmic Baiance-D , , , 27,95
Broadsides-D ...,.,. 27,95
War in Russia-D . , , , 55.95
50 Mission Crush-D . 27,95

Questran-D 34,95

Rails West-D 27,95

Computer Ambush-D 41,95
Computer Basebali-O 27.95
Breakthrougli

Ardennes-D 41 95

Field ot Fire-D 27,95

Impenal Galaclian'D , 27 95
Comp. QuarterPack-D 27,95
Oper Market Garden-D 34,95
Kamplgrupee-O , , 41,95

SYNAPSE

Syn1lie-D 34,95

SyncaiC-D 34,95

Syntrend-D 34,95

Syncl^ion-O 27,95

Synccmm-D 27,95

Synstock-D 27,95

Relai-D 79,95

Blue Max 2001-D , 23,95

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OF ITEMS
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SG-10
Printer... 219

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PRINTER BUFFERS

Microfaier Call

I^PP Micro Stirffer 119.95

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U-Print-64K .... 109.95

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BUPEU i

MODEMS

Vollismodem 300 59

Voiksmodem 1200 .... 189

Hayes 1200 Call

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Micromodem HE Call

Maxwell 300.'1 200 ,, ,319

PRINTERS

CitohS510AP 299

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Powertype 309

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Siiiici SdcciiI Prices EriHiiic Hmv Thm Aiigusi 31 , 195^

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Print Shop-D , ,

33,95

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29,95

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21,95

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29,95

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21,95

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29,95

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44,95

Deadline

34,95

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17,95

Wisbringer-0

39,95

Daiile Draw

39 95

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SSI

Skytox

29,95

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21 95

One on One

29,95

Kamptgruppe

39,95

Seven Cities.Gold , , ,

29,95

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25 95

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24,95

Questron

33 95

Adv Construction Kd

37,95

APPLE MISCELLANEOUS

Ghostbusters ,

25 95

Conan

25,95

Flight Simulator II ,
F-15 Strike Eagie ,,,

34 95

Sargon III

33,95

21,95

Dollars & Sense , , . ,

64,95

Summer Games

25,95
29 95

PFS File

79 95

Micro League Basetiall
Stir League Basetiali

PFS Write

79 95

23,95

PFS Report

79,95

Wl2ardry,'Prowina , , ,

33,95

Mulbplan

84.96

Ullima III

39,95

Supercalc III

124,95

Bruce Lee

25 95

Sideways

39 95

Millionaire

33,95

Crosstalk

129,95

Death/Carribean

21,95

Jane w/Mouse

129,96

Felony

21,95

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ORDERING INFORMATION: Please specify system
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MODEMS Animation Station

Westridge AA'AD 69,95 for C-64 59,95

Total Tele Modem 49,95 pfilNTER

f}^l^° llil INTERFACES

1660 I^odern , , , , 49.93 ^,^^ gg 35

INDUS G-Wiz 59.95

Indus GT far C-64 239 Oata Share PPI .. 49,95
Cardco G -I- Call

€=i4 sypi^ SPiaALi

Slap Shot Hockey-D . . . 14.95
Mastering The Sal-0 . 49.95
The Perfect Score-D . . . 43.95
Mirage Datatiase Manager/
Report Generator-D . 49.95

Mirage Prolessional
Word Processor-D . . . 49.95

- r Special PncK Ellecliw Now TImi August 11 . 1)9}

COMMODORE SOFTWARE

ACCESS

Beachhead-DT 23,95

Raid Mpscow-D'T , , , 27,95
Scrolls of Abadon-D.T 23,95

Mach V-Cart 23,95

Beachead ll-D 27,95

BATTERIES INCLUDED

Consultant-D , , , 64,95

Paperclip w Spellpak-D 79,95

Super Busscard II 129,95

Home Oiganza llans-D 16,95

B,l, BOCard 109,95

Cal-Kit ,, 34 95

Home Pak-D 34,95

COMMODORE

Easy Calc-Cart 34,95

Easy l^ail-D 19,95

EasyScript-D 44,95

EasySpell-D 19,95

Logo-O , , 49,95

The Manager-D , , , 34,95

Suspended-D 29.95

Slarcross-D 29 95

Deadline-D 29,95

Culthrojts-D 29,95

The Suspect-D 29 95

Zork 1,11 or lll-D 29 95

ELECTRONIC ARTS

SkyFon-D 24 95

Mail Order Monster-D 24 95
Adv, Construction-O 29 95
Racing Oestrucbon-D 24.95
See Alan Section lor flesf of
/(ems and Prices

INFOCOM

Enchanter-O 24,95

Planettail-D 24 95

Sorcerer-D 29 95

Hi!chiker-D 24,95

Wisbiinger-D 29 95

SSI

Carrier force-D ,.,, 41,95

Ouestron-0 27 95

Broadsides-D 27 95

Comp Ouarterback-D 27,95
Computer Ambush-D 41,95

Kamplgiuppe-0 41 95

Oper Kitfua Gafden-D 34.95
Gemstone Warrlor-D 23.95
ImperiumGalacbum-D 27,95

Phantasie-D 27 95

JirfelsCutthroats-D 27 95

MISC. COMMODORE

Ultima lll-D , , , ,

, ,,, 41,95

Flight Simulator ll-D , 34,95

StarLeag,Basebaii-OT 23,95

liiastertyjie-D.'Cart

, , 27,95

Strip Poker-D , ,

, ,,, 23,95

Sam-D

,., 41,95

Sp«lunker-D ,

,, 20,95

Steahh-D

,,, 20,95

Bungling Bay-D ,

, , , 20,95

Or Creep-D , , ,

, , , 20,95

On.Field Tennis-D/T , 23,95

F-15 Strike Eagle-

)T 23,95

Movie Maker-D ,

, , , 37,95

VIP Tcrminal-O ,

, , , 29.95

. . 27,95

Ghost Busiers-D

, , , 24,95

Koala Pnnter-D ,

,., 19,95

Karaleka-D

20 95

Print Shop-D , , ,

, , , 34,95

Amazon-D

99 Q,'i

RendozvousRama-D 22,95

Farenhelt 451-0 ,

, , 22,95

Dragonwoild-D ,

, , , 22,95

Shadow Keep-D ,

, , , 22 95

Spy vs Spy-D ,,

, , . 23,95

Stress Relax Sys -

0 79,95

Blue Max-DJT , , ,

, , , 23,95

Ullima IV-D , , ,

, , , 41 ,95

Ullima ll-D ,,,

,,. 41,95

Micro-League

Baseball-D

,,, 29 95

Home Pak-0 , ,

, , , 34 95

Math Biasier-O

,. 34,95

WordAttacK-D

,,, 34 95

Speed Reader II

,,, 49,95

Stunt Flyer-O

, , Call

Sargon lll-D ,

,,. 34,95

Super Zaimn-O

,,, 23,95

Decision Desert-D

,, 27 95

Kennedy Apptoach-D 23,95

Crusade€urope-D

, 27 95

Halley Proiect-D

, , 29 95

Transytvannia-O

, 23,95

Bounty Bob-Cart

, , 34,95

Blue Max 2001-D

, , 23,95

Fleet System ll-D

, , 49,95

Evelyn Wood-D

, 34,95

Write Now-Car!

, 34,95

Bruce Lee-D ,

, , 27,95

Conan-D ,

27 95

Fast Load-Cart

25,95

Net Worth-D ,

49,95

No surcharge for MasterCard |— "1 or Visa [S

Lyco Computer Marketing & Consultants

ON THESE
IN STOCK

PRINTERS

AXION

GP 550 AT (Atari) 249

GP 550 CD (C-64) 249

GP 550 PC (IBM) 239

GP 550 AP (Apple) 279

GP TOOATJAIari) 459

GP 700 AP Apple) 459

Elite 5CD (C-64y...' 329

BLUE CHIPS

M12010 S275

M1?010C-94 S275

C. ITOH

Prowriler 8510 AP 279

8510 BC2 389

8510 BPl 319

8510 SP 379

8510 SR 429

8510 SCP 459

8510 SCR 479

7500 AP 205

7500 AP 245

1550P--. 449

1550 BCD 4B9

A-IO-SO-P 459

F 10 40PU or RDU 888

F10 SSPU or RDU 1069

CARDCO

LQ1 369

LQ3 279

CITIZEN

MSP-10 329

MSP-15 499

MSP.20 479

MSP-25 599

COMREX

Cn-II-EC Comriter HE Parallel 359

CH-ll-ES Comriler II E Parallel 379

CR-IV-C Comnier IV Parallel 689

CB-IV-S Corrriter IV Serial 689

Corona

1.P300 Laser Printer .... 2699
200361 Toner Cartridge -- 89

DIGITAL
DEVICES

I6K pnnler tju'lei 99 ?5

32K pfinier buffer I 19 75

fiJK p:inler buffer 1 69 95

EPSON

FX 80 + 249

LX BO 239

FX too 579

JX80- 499

LQ 1500 P 1089

LQ 1500 S 1149

Hi-eo color plotter 399

JUKI

Juki 6100 379

RS 232 Serial Board-- 55

Tractor 119

Sheel Feeder 209

Juki 6300.-, .....769

LEGEND

8B0 219

1080 239

1200 249

■^ PRINTER if

INTERFACING

Available

MANNESMANN TALLY

Seirit 80 255

NfTL-160L 549

MTL-IBOL 739

NEC

NEC 8026 - *699

NEC 8027 S359

OKIDATA

Oklmate 10 179

1B2 249

84 645

92 349

93 565

92 Imaoewriter 425

92 IBIvTVersiOfi 349

OLIVETTI

DY 2S0 Parallel 739

DY 250 Serial 729

DY 450 Parallel 1099

DY 450 Serial 1079

PANASONIC

1091 239

1090 189

1092 395

1093 429

3151 459

Smith Corona

Fastexf 80 189 00

0100 219.00

D200 399.00

D300 519.00

LlOOO 33900

STARMICRONICS

SG-W 219

SG-15 379

SD-10 ; 339

SD-1S 445

SR.IO 489

SR-15 585

Powertype 309

SB-IO.. CALL

OVER 2000 SOFTWARE TITLES IN STOCK

COMPUTER
CARE

BIB

DISK DRIVE

CLEANER tl2 75

COIWPUTEHCaREKIT .*197S

NORTRONiCS

DISK DRIVE

CLEANER

with software
REG. 49.95 NOW 19.95

software lor IBM-PC Alari. Vrc,

ADCle, Tl 129 75

DISK CLEANER

REFILL... t'4 75

C*SSDRIUECLEANE.P... S9 95
MEDIASULK ERASER ... t46 75

NEC

PC8201 Portable J429

NECB1 64K Compulel

System J 1049

NECB? 128 K Computer

Syslem ...11299

PC822 1 Thermal Printer ... S 139
PCa2018KHAMCnip ...S 99
PCa20632KRAMCar1.., J 299

PC 300 Modem S 65

PC8B01 fvlSDOS

16 Bit Card S 339

PRINTING
PAPER

3000 SHEETS

FANFOLD %t2 75

1000 SHEETS

FAI^FOLD Jt9 75

t000SHEETLETTER.-.S21 95
200 SHEETS LETTER.... ta 99
1 50 flAG STATIONARY ... 1 1 0 99
MAILING LABELS 1 1 m | _ . . $9 95

m » 1 1 toco

FANFOLD i2A 75

INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS

Flip-n-File 10 3.50

Flip-n.File 15 8.25

Flip-n-File 25 Lock 17.95

Flip-n-File 50 17.25

Flip-n-File 50 Lock 22.95

Flip-n-File Rom 17.25

DRIVES

MSD

SDt Dnve 229

SD2 Drive 489

INDUS
GT Atari 219

GT Commodore 239

GT Apple w/ Controller 219

GT Apple 169

DISKETTES

SKC

(Box 10)

5'/." SKC-SSSD 10.99

5V«" SKC-SSDD 13.99

SV.- SKC-DSDD 15.99

ELEPHANT

(Box 10]

S'/i" SSSD 13.99

S'A" SSOD - 15.99

S'/i-- DSDD 19.99

MAXELL

5V." MD-1 .,-.-16.99

5'/<" MD-2 23.75

(Box 10]

IBM-PC

SOFTWARE

'LOTUS

Lotus 1-2.3 309.00

Symphony 439.00

•ASHTON-TATE

Framework 385.00

d Base !l 239.00

d Base 111 385.00

d Base II upgrade 135.00

•PARADISE

5-Pak Multitunclion 179.00

Modular Graphics 289.00

IvIorJular Graphics Card 315 00

IBM-PC

COMPATABLE

CORONA

PPG 22A

Portable 256K-Anib6r If 99

PPC 22G

Portable 256-K-Green 1699

PPCXTA

Portable 256K-lOMea 2899

CORI 2eK 128K RAM 1599

Zenith

7-150 Call

Leading Edge

PC Compatable Call

•LEADING EDGE

Nutshell 69.95

LEWP Basic 65,00

LEWP Merge Prim 99,00

LE Spell COrreclton 169,00

•QUADRAM

Quad Jf Exp. Cfiassis . .519 00
Quad Jr Exp, Memory, .209,00

Quad Memory Jr 209.00

Quadcolor 1 209.00

*STB

Super R10-64K 279.00

Super R10.192K 399.00

Super R10-256K 449.00

Graphics Plus II 339.00

•PARADISE

Multi-Display Card 335.00

CONTINENTAL

Home Accountant 35.00

TOLL FREE 1-800-233-8760

TO ORDER

CALL TOLL FRE E

O' send order «o

Lyco Compuief
P O Bo« 5086
Customer Service 1-717-327-1825 Jefsey Snore PA 17740

800-233-8760

RISK FREE POLICY

fn-slQck Items shippec within 24 hours ol order. No deposit on C 0-D orOera. Free
shipping on prepaid cash orders wilhin the continental U.S Votume discojnls
availaftle PA residenis add sales lax. APO FPO. and iniernatPonal orders add
SS.OO plus 3°-t tor priority mail service- Advertised prices show 4% discount for
cash , add 4% for MasierCard or Visa Personal checks require 4 weeks' clearance
belore shipping. Ask about UPS Blje and Red label shipping. All merchandise
earned under manufacturer's warrar^ly. Free catalog with order All items subject
10 change wiitvout notice

JK ATARI JK I appkZ I COMMODORE

ATARI

800 XL Computer CALL

1050 Drive 169

1010 Recorder 44

1020 55

1025 185

1027,. 239

850 109

SYNAPSE

lATABI)

Synfile 34,95

Syncalc 34.95

Syncomm 27.95

Syntrend 27.95

Synchron 27.95

Synstock .27.95

SCARBOHOUGH

Net Worth 49.95

Mastertype 24.75

Improved Mastertype 24.75

Mastertype's Filer 24.75

SPINNAKER

Delta Drawing Room 19.95

Cosmic Life Room 19,95

Up (or Grafts Room 19.95

SSI

Baseball 22.75

Question 26.75

50 Mission Crush 22.75

Broadsides 22.75

Computer Ambush 34.75

Trillium

Stiadowkeep £26 75

Fatirenheit 451 $26-75

Amazon E26,75

MICROPOSE

Solo Flight 22 75

NATO 22,75

Spitfire Ace 19,95

F-1S Strike Eagle 22,75

CONTINENTAL

Home Accountant 44.75

1985 Boo< of A;at'i Soflwa'e 16,95

SUBLOGIC

Flight Simulator II , . 32.75
Night Ivlission Pmball . .18 75

PERSONAL
PERIPHEIALS

Sucer Skelch-Alari 32 95

BRODERBUND

Bank St. Writer 42.75

The Print Shop 29,95

Serpent's Star 24.75

Spelunker .,,19.95

Stealth 19.95

BUSINESS

VISICALC J I 59 75

Scarborough

LETTER PERFECT R
OATA PERFECT
FILE MANAGER
HOfilE FILE MGR

59 00
189 75
S69 75
£69 7 5

ADVENTURE

Dishey 29.95

Ultra Disassembler 29.95

GRAPHIC TABLET

Super Skelch
Koaia Pad,

.32.95
59 95

EASTERN HOUSE

Monkey Wrench 11800 24.95

Monkey Wrencti 11800 XL 24.95

CONTINENTAL

Home Accountant ,
1985 Bock of Alan Software

44 95

16 95

ADVENTURE INTERNATIONAL

Diskey 32,75

Ultra Dissambler 32,75

WICO

(Joysticks)
15-9714 Bat Handle , 16,99

50-2002 Super 3-way 19,99

72-4545 Trackball ,29,99

Songwriter

Picturewrtt . -

Phi Beta F

Mastertype

Run f Money

NetWonn

Mlcroprose
Solo Flight

NATO

SpiKire
F-15 Strike
Air Rescue

SSI

Baseball
Question
Germany 1985
50 Missions

Spinnaker

Atpliabel
Storv Mactiine
Kids on Keys
Grandma
Snooper Troop

Broderbund

Bank Si Writer
Bank St Filer
Bank Si Mailer
Bank S! Spell
Ma&K o' Sun
Prinl shop
Lode Runner

■S24 76

■ S24.75
■S32 75
■$24 75

■ S32 75
£54 75

£22 75
£22.75
£22 95
£22 75
£22 75

£22 75
£26 75
£3275
£21 75

£18.75
$1975
£1S 75
£19 75
£22 75

£42 75
542 75
£42 75
£42 75
£24 95
32 95
£22 9b

COMMODORE

Simon's Basic 34.75

Assembler 64 34,75

Super Expander,- ,..22,75

Logo 64 49.75

Pilot 64 38.75

Easy Gate 34.75

Easy Scrip! 38.75

C 64 Computer CALL

C 1541 Disk Drive 195

MPS 801 Printer 175

C 1702 Monitor 209

C 1531 Oatasetle 39.75

C 1660 Auto Modem 35

C 1660 Auto Modem 85

SS1

{C-64}

Computer Baseball 24.75

Field of Fire 24.75

Computer Quarterback., 24,75

Questron 24.75

50 Mission Crusn 24.75

Scarborough

Songwriter $24,75

Phi Beta F S29.aS

Mastertype jjo 75

Run I Money S24 75

Nel Worlti £49,96

SUBLOGIC

■light Simulator 11.32.75

JigTii Mission Pmball 22,75

Graphics Tablet

Supersketct^
Kalala

£49 95
Saa 95

PERSONAL PERIPHERALS

Super Sketch 64 32 75

Printer Ulilily 18,75

KOALA

(C-641
Koala Pad 59 95

HAYES

Smartmodem 300 189

Smartmooem 1200, 409

Smartmodem 1200B , ,379

Micromodem ME 249

Micromodem lOO,,, 289

Chronograph 179

Smart Com It 75

TELE LEARNING

CM-250CC-61 39 95

AP-250 (Apple) 109,96

IB-250 (IBM) 109,95

MODEMS

MICROBITS

MPP lOOD E (AtanI 99 00

MPP 1064 (C-64 69 95

ANCHOR

VolksmoOem 55.99

Mark VII 95,99

(auto ansMiall

Mark VII 259.00

(1200 band]

NOVATION

JCai 89

Smart Cat Plus 319

Smart Cat 103 169

Smart Cat 103/212 389

Auto Cat 209

212 Auto Cat 539

Apple Cat II., 239

212 Apple Cat 439

Apple Cat 212 249

CARDCO MOD-I iC-e-!! CALL
NESTRIDGE (0-641 CALL

MITEY MO (C-64) , CALL
1 660 AUTO MODEM (C -64) 85
COMPUSERVE 23 95

CARDCO

C/01 Wnle rJow 29,95

C/02 Wnle Now - 64 , , , 39,95
D/01 Mail Now -64 ... 29.00
0/04 Saell Now - 64 , . - . 29.00

D/02 Ulility Desk 19.95

CSO- 1 Disk Drive (new) . , CALL
IVIOD-1 Modern (new) .. CALL
0/03 Tax Payer (newj , 27,95
D/07 Gale Now/64 (newl... 27.95

D/08 super Printer Ulilily

D/08 Super Printer

Utility 27.95

CK/1 Numeric Key Pad . , 34.95
DC/1 Data Casselle , . 39 95
CB/5 5 Slot

Board C-64 54,00

CR/1 Lignt Pen 29 75

CE/iCasseltelnierlace ,29.75
CB/3 3 Slot

Board Vic-20 24.95

CB/6 6 Slot

Board Vic-20 65.00

HES

HES Games 84 22.95

Omni Writer/Spell 34.95

HES Mon64 23.95

Microsoft Multlptan 55 00

Type N Write 1 9.95

Turtle Graphics II 23.95

Cell Defense 22.95

Painl Brush 12.96

Tri Math 22.95

Graphics Basic 27.95

HES Kit 29.aS

Mitlionaire 23.95

64 Forth 24.95

HES Writer 64 24.95

BATTERIES INCLUDED

Paper Clip 59.95

Spell Pak 34.95

Consultant 59.95

Paper Clip

w/Spell Pak 75.95

Home Pak ...34.95

flus Card 129.95

80 Column Board 109.95

Mlcroprose

Solo Flight £22 75

NATO S22 76

SpiHire $19-95

F-15Strlke $2275

Air Rescue £22 75

* SUPER SPECIAL! *

* LOWEST PRICES! *

MONITORS

AMDEK

300 Green 125

300 Amber 139

310 Amber IBM 155

Color 300 Audio 245

Color 500 Composite 369

Color 600 429

Color 700 495

Color 710 569

PANASONIC

DT 1300 RGi corr.posile 329

SAKATA

SC-lOO Color 219

STSl Stand 29

SG 1000 Green 99

SA 1000 Amber 109

PRINCETON GRAPHICS

MAX- 12 Amber 189

HX-t2 RGB 475

Sfi-12 RGB 599

NEC

JB-1260 Green . .95

JB-1201 Green... 135

JC 1215 Color 229

JC 1216 RGB 375

JC1460 Color 265

JB-1 205 Amber 139

GORILLA

12 ■ Green 78

2" Amber 84

ZENITH

ZVM 122A Amber 84

ZVM 123G Green 75

ZVM 124 Amber IBM , 129

ZVM 131 Color 275

ZVM 133 RGB 389

ZVM 135 Composite 449

ZVM 136 Hi Res Color 589

TAXAN

210 Color RBG 249

115 Green 119

1 16 Amber 125

400 Color RGB , , 275

410 Color RGB 339

420 Color IBM 429

121 Green ISM 139

122 Amber IBM 145

X-TRON

Comcolor I CiimfxiMrc Green 199

AMEPICA'S MAILORDER HEADQUARTERS

LYCO COMPUTER

WORLD'S LEADER IN SALES & SERVICE

TO ORDER

CALL TOLL FREE

800-233-8760

In PA 1 717-327-1824

Lyco Computer

P.O. Box 5088

Jersey Shore, PA 1 7740

PRINTER INT

CardcoG+ ....

Cardco B

Turbo Print ....

ERFACES

. $69.95
. $49.95
. $79.95

. $69.95

)) $79.95

. $79.95

. $59.95

$169.95
$169.95

S 29.95
1101

$299.95
$224.95
$299,95
S329.95
$219.55

MONITORS

1702 Color

Gorilla (green) . .
Gorilla (amber) . .
Sai<ata Color —

SOh I WARE

Word Processors

Paper Clip (w/spe
Word Pro 3 + (64
Write Now ....

5199.95
S 79.95
5 89.95
$179.95

1) $79.95
.$39.95
. $39.95

. $59.95
. $79.95

. $49.95
, $69.95

. $29.95

. $14.95
. $24.95

MODEMS

Westridge
Automodem .

Modem 300 (166[

MPP 1064 C64 .

Total Telecommu-
nication —

PRINTERS

Commodore 801

Commodore 803
(tractor feed
option)

Commodore DPS
(Daisy Wheel)

StarSG-10 ....

Panasonic 1091

Citizen MSP-10 .

G.E. Printer . . .

Data Bases

Superbase 64 . .
The Consultant .
Spread Sheets

Practicalc 11 . . .
Calc Result

Utility Soltware

Print Shop

Floppiclene Head

Cleaner

Mach 5

COMPUTER
WAREHOUSE

(in FL) 305-274-36fi0; 1-BOO-372-0214
7222 S.W. 117th Avenue, Miami, FL 33183

Add 3% (or Shipping and handling changes Ad pnces reflect 3=?^ caa^i discount.
Credit card orders should add S^o Pncos sub|ecl to change wilhoul notice,

Professional ^pflfp
Handicapping /f \1\

Systems ^ ^ro^mr- ^^>fie^

GLD. Thofough&ied "Gold" Etlillon™

A Fuir tealmed itcjougfibred aryJysis ips^wd t» the pfolcsaenai and seiwus
novice $159.te ccmpJiie

ECLD. Enhanced -GoUI" Editton™

■ Qaa EOtefi viitncompfeie Master BeiiorlM sysjffn nugiatrt orn&ine s?™
ti$jt Th5 powertui prognm wH iransfw an fwf5« and scores lo ifie tKl inaifsii
«nn a 5ingi2 keystriAe (Matip BencfTM reiudrt) S194.S5 ccmoieie

GLTD. Umiled "Gold'-™

Eisttes Prolwtiooil Handlcappm to assflo specific values lo the r»nc ^\'
utfe ' iney" 'eel arc imjjonanT Cfcaie prcqfsm wp^fii based on a pjrircuijf
Irack aftfl line tine iT li>f mnlmum at, percentage Tht^ program \% iJtsiOncd
tor ea5e of ls? " the user needs no prBgrimmlng vxpifitnci,

;c{>nTain& ime^raled BettDfTU] SZ99.dS complete

GD. Gold Dog Analysis^W

The only piotessionaJ flog hanflicappet on irte iTiarhet. irtludts

1J Speed 4| Post Usl T\ Runmng Siyle

2] Pd5[ Today 5) Dislance B) Wffght

3] Kennel 6] ConSrtton 9) AH nw inlernal weighting

10) NEW cfass indicaiw
It you are near i ^cyrHjiund irack. yov can'i atfnd mt to use Ihis pfog^am
S149.95 comE^ete (wiih rtleg-alM M^iei BertOflW) $199.95
Limiled Dog™ $299.95

PPX. Pforessor Jones* Foolball Predietor, Prtif. PI](TM

Compleie Football Aialps v.ilti DalB-Bne.

1) Overlays 3) Super Plays' 5) Daia Base Sials

2) Poifl Spreads 4) OverfUndet' tieis fi) Holds ■100" leams

HIghesI perccntace of winners ISW
S49,95 complete $99.95 wilh Data Base Managemeni

MHH. Maslar Harness Handicapper™

Pf Dfessjoni soliwate desisned la piov'Oe a tnoiougr analysis cl all Irotrer and

pacer races m North America ajuJ Caftida

$159.95 rampiEiE win integrated Master BetWrTM $199,95

NBA. Bssketlnlt™

TiasCs:aD3sensiaged3n^y5JSwirii5tt)videiheie«r wftn ALf oeihiijsiua
Irons wt(ie slanng rfie^ar] infomaiion or ihe fli$k.
S99.95 comtftle ^jManuai $129.95 NBA/College Version

LOT, LOHEBr ANALYSIS™

Statisikcai COniC>aM^rvi progiam tKSigned n Oeiecn ^Dtie paiiefns tn wimmg

tottery numtjer

S79.95 campj-ic w/Manuii S99.95 wm Loilo

IBM^"

APPLET"

TRS-80^"

CPM^"

COMMODORE'"

Prof. Jones

1940 W. state St,
Boise, ID 83702

48 HR. FREE
SHIPPING

208-342-6939

TERMS FREE SHIPPING ALL
SOFTWARE 4*) » 00 hard-
«ar( ( S6 00 C 0 D / UPS Blue
S6 00 / OK al Counlrv S9.00 /
ID Resiaenis 4% / 3 viteks per-
sonal checks ' Casti pnce only.
3dll2^ViiJ.MC;Pnccssu6-
lecl to chingB

BROCHURE AVAILABLE

WHITE HOUSE 1-71 7-322-7700

COMPUTER Williarnsport, PA 17701 HOURS: Monday thru Friday 9:00 am till 6:00 pm Accepted 4%

VISA and MC

PRINTERS

PANASONIC

1090 187,00

1091 257.00

1092 389 00

1093 585,00

3151 455.00

C.ITOH

8510A 285-00

8510BC1 329-00

8510BC2 389-00

8510BP1 339-00

851 OSP 389,00

851 OSR 429.00

1550BCD 485.00

1550P 445.00

A10-2OP 465.00

F10-40P/S 875.00

F10-S5P/S 1059.00

FtO Tractor 169.00

F10 Sheet Feeder 349.00

STAR MICRONICS

SG10 217.00

SG1S 379.00

SD10 345.00

SD15 450,00

SR10 485.00

SR15 585.00

Powertype 309.00

EPSON

RXeO 219.00

LXeO 245.00

FX80 369,00

JX80 529.00

RX100 359.00

FX100 490.00

LEGEND

880 209.00

1080 229.00

1380 269.00

1385 3QS.00

C-64

MPS 801 179.95

802 208.95

803 175.95

MCS801 314.95

DPS 1101 314.95

ATARI
XTM 201 Non-impact Dot

Matrix 99.95

XTC 201 Color Non-Impact

Matrix 109.95

XDM 1 21 DaisyWheel. . . 209.95
XMM 801 Dot Matrix

Impact 169,95

STC 504 Color/

Non-Impact 139,95

STD121 DaisyWheel,., 219.95
SMM 801 Do) Matrix/

Impac! 279,95

CITIZEN

MSP-10 325,00

MSP-15 479,00

MSP-20 489,00

MSP-25 629.00

OKIDATA

182 219,95

84 640,95

ez 349.85

93 580,95

CARDCO

LQ1 365,00

LQ3 209.00

INTERFACES

MPP 1150 52,00

850|Alari| 108,00

UPrintw/16KBu(ler,,,, 79,95

Cardco G 55,95

Cardco B 37,95

PRINTER PAPER

Lazor 500 shts 11,95

Lazof 1000 shts 1 5.95

COMPUTERS

COMMODORE

C-64 149,95

C-128 275,95

ATARI

800 XL 99,95

130 XE 145,95

130 ST 379,95

520 ST CALL

SOFTWARE

BRODERBUND "ATARI"
& COMMODORE

Print Stiop 29,9

Graphics Library 18,95

BS Writer 41,95

Stealth 21.95

VIDEO CASSETTE

RECORDER

$295.95

Symphonic VHS/Remots

• 1 05 Channel Cable Ready

• 14 Day/1 Program Timer

• 12 Pre-set Channels

•Auto Rewind

DISK DRIVES

ATARI

Indus GT 215.00

1050 165,95

"Happy" 1050 365,95

MSD Dual 459.00

0-64
Indus GT 239.00

MODEMS

C-1600 44.95

C-1650 54.95

C-1660 54,95

C- 1670 300/1200

Band 185.95

C-64 MPP-1064 59.95

MPP 1000E 69.95

Telelearning 39.95

Hayes 300 189,95

Hayes 1200 385,95

Mitey Mo 59,95

Westridge 69,95

CompuServe

Staner Kit 21,95

DISKETTES

SKC

SS/SD 10,50

SS/DD 13,50

DS/DD 15.50

MAXWELL

MD-1 15.95

MD-Z 21.95

ELEPHANT

SS/SD 13.50

SS/DD 15.50

DS/DD 19,50

MONITORS

ZENITH

122A 82.95

123G 75.95

TEKNIKA
MJ-10 Composite i

Separate Video 1 99,00

MJ-22 RGG Composite S

Separate Video 279,00

AMDEK

300G 119.00

300A 129,00

Color 300 235,00

Color 500 345.00

XTRON

Comcolor I 1 89.00

COMMODORE

C-1702 199,95

C-1802 204,95

C-1902 RGB ,., 259.95

C-1901 Monochrome, ,. 129,95

ATARI
XC 141 14" Composite

Color 199,95

SM 124 12" Monochrome/

High Res 135.95

SC 1 224 1 2"

RGB Color 335.95

POLICY: Nodeposil QnCOD orders
FREE freigtil on all prepaid casti ordera
over S300 in the continental USA,
APO and FPO add SS per tiundred.
For priority mail add S8 per hundred,
PA residents add 6% sales lax.
Effective products must tiave Prioi
RA numtwr, Sctioots net IS,

94 COMPUTfl August 1985

What the world really needs
i^i is a 99 cent i^^s
Double Sided, Double Density Diskette
with a LIFETIME WARRANTY!

And DISK WORLD! ^i^t.

Introducing Super Star Diskettes:

tlie higli quality diskette with

the lowest price

and the best LIFETIME WARRANTY!

In the course of selling more than a million diskette;
every montti. we've learned somettiing: tiigher prices don't
necessarily mean higher quality.

In tact, we've found ttiat a good diskette manufacturer
simply manufactures a good diskette. ..no matter wtiat
thev charge for it. (By way of example, consider that none
of the b rands that we carry has a return rate of greater than
l/l.OOOthof 1 percent!}

In other words, when people buy a more expensive
diskette, they aren't necessarily buying higher quality.

The extra money might be going toward tiashier adver-
tising, snazzier packaging or simply higher profits.

But the extra money in a higher price isn't buying better
Quality.

All of the good manufacturers put out a good diskette.

Period.

How to cut diskette prices
, . .without cutting quality.

Now this discovery posed a dilemma: how to cut the
price of diskettes without lowering the quality

There are about 85 companies claiming to be "diskette"
manufacturers.

Trouble is, most of them aren't manufacturers.

Rather Ihey are fabricators or marketers, taking other
company's components, possibly doing one or more steps
of the processing themseives and pasting their labels on
the finished product.

The new Eastman Kodak diskettes, for example, are one
of these. So are IBM SW diskettes. Same for DYSAN.
Polaroid and many, many other familiar diskette brand
names. Each of these diskettes is manufactured in whole
or in part by another company!

So. we decided to act just like the big guys. That's how
we would cut diskette prices... without lowering the
quality.

We would go out and find smaller companies to manu-
facture a diskette to our specifications. ..specifications
which are higher than most. ..and simply create our own
"name brand" diskette.

Name brand diskettes (hat offered high quality at tow
prices.

DISKETTESTORAGE

PEBFECTDATA DIAL "N FILE

TErnlic! Holds 10 SVi' diskettes. Just flip
the lever and they all slide up tor easy access
and idenlilicalion. Grey with smoked plastic
Irani.

$2.75 Ea. + .35 Shpng.

DISK CADDIES

The origina! flip-up holder (or 10 5 '4"
diskettes Bcioe or Grey only.

S1.65 ea. * .20 Shpng,

DISKEHE 70 STORAGE

Dust-free storage for 70 5'/«" disketies
Six dividers included. An excellent value.
. $11.95 ea. + $3.00 Shpng.

HOURS:

Human: flAM-GPM Central Time. Monday through Friday

Answering Machine: EPM-9AM, All Times

MCI MAIL 24 hours a day.

Super Star diskettes are sold in multiples ot 50 only. Diskettes are
shipped with wfiite Tyvec sleeves, reinforced huts, user ID labels
and write-protect tabs.

Boy, did we get lucky. Our Super Star

Diskettes are the same ones you've been

using for years. . .without knowing it.

In our search for the low priced, high quality diskette of
our dreams, we found something even more Interesting.

We found that there are several manufacturers who
don't give a hoot about the consumer market for their
diskettes. They don't spend millions of dollars in advertis-
ing trying to get you, the computer user, to use their
diskettes.

Instead, they concentrate their efforts on turning out the
highest quality diskettes Ihey can. ..because they sell
them to the software publishers, computer manufacturers
and other folks who (in turn) put their name on them, , . and
sell them for much higher prices to you!

After all. when a software publisher or computer manu-
facturer or diskette marketer puts their name on a diskette,
they want It to work time after time, everytime. (Especially
software publishers who have the nasty habit of copy-
proteciing their onginajsl)

HOW TO ORDER:

ORDERS ONLY:

1-800-621-6827

(In Illinois: 1-312-944-2766)

INQUIRIES:

1-312-944-2788
FOR FASTEST SERVICE. USE NO-COST MCI MAIL:
Our address is DISKWORLD. It's a FREE MCI MAIL
letter. No charge to you. (Situation permitting, we'll
ship these orders in 24 hours or less.)

SHIPPWG; 5v<- S 2V DISKETTES— Add S3,00 per each
too or lewer diskettes. OTHER ITEMS: Add shipping charges
as shown ir> addition lo other shipping charges PAYMENT:
VISA, filASTERCARD and Prepaid orders accepted. COD OR-
DERS: Add additional $3.00 special handling charge. APD,
FPO. AK, HI i PR ORDEHS: Include shipping charges as
shown and additional 5% ol total order amount to cover PAL
and insurance. We ship only lo United States addresses, except
for those listed above. TAXES: Illinois residents, add B%
sales tai.

MINIMUM ORDER: S35.00 or 20 diskettes

Superstar Diskettes. You already know

liow good they are. Now you can buy

them... cheap.

Well, Ihats the story.

Super Stat diskettes don't roll off the boat from Pago-
Pago or emerge from a basement plant just east of
Nowhere.

Super Star diskettes have been around (or years. ..and
you've used them for years as copy-protected software
originals, unprotected originals. Sometimes, depending
on which computer you own. the system master may have
been on a Super Star diskette. And maybe more than once,
you've bought a box or two or more of Super Star diskettes
without knowing it. They just had some "big" company's
name on them.

Super Star Diskettes arc good. So good that a lot of
major software publishers, computer manufacturers and
other diskette marketers buy them in the tens or hundreds
of thousands.

We buy them in the millions.

And than we sell them to you.

Cheap

When every little bit counts,
it's Super Star Diskettes.

You've used them a hundred times. ..under different
names.

Now, you can buy the real McCoy, the same diskette that
major software publishers, computer manufacturers and
diskette marketers buy.. .and call their own.

We simply charge less.

Super Special!

Order 50 Super Star Diskettes
and we'll be happy to sell you an
Amaray Media-Mate 50 for only
S8.75, shipping included. .a lot
less than the suggested retail price
of $15.95.

Regular DISK WORLD! price: S10.95 ea.
S. -I- S2.00 Shpng.

The Super Star
LIFETIME WARRANTY!

Super Star Diskettes are unconditionally warranted
against defects in original material and workmanship
so long as owned by the original purchaser. Returns
are simple: just send the defective diskettes with proof
of purchase, postage-paid by you with a short expla-
nation of the problem, and we'll send you the replace-
ments. (Incidentally, coffee stained diskettes and
diskettes with staples'diiven through them don't
qualify as "defective".)

WE WILL filEET OR BEAT ANY NATIONALLY

ADVERTISED PRICE

ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES

SUBJECT TO THE SAME TERMS AND CONDITIONS,

DISK WORLD!, Inc.

Suite 4806

30 East Huron Stf«et

Chicago, Illinois 60611

mp"^

:WORlD

23 PARK ROW, NEW YORK, N.Y. I(W3S

oBOf« rou FBFE 800-221-8180 'c;,";.?™;"^!,^

WHEN BUYING i^lAIL OHDER— »7fO VOU BOY FROM.
IS AS IMPORTAriT AS WHAT YOU BUY
REMEMBES. WE ARE
RF.LIABLEI^

mnXEll - ^ " ■ — ■ rf.iruo

COLD STANDAKO ^\ f iPKEMASTB!

nOPPY DISKS ,

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ALL PROIXICTS CARRY U.S. WARRAPmES

ALL DEFECTIVE PROEXJCrS EXCHANGED WIIHIM 30 DAYS

5,SS!S! .•rilS.'.'WB'SSS!.!

•J6J PACE AUJ^lO VJiDCO

eo.'utrreJt Etf dTWwics

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CASirrTT j«BO CO catali
■ ixM PAG* v.rjjjro ^oviE c^riz^oc

I 23 PARK ROW, D6PT. CS, NYC, NY 10038

I riAME;

I ADDRESS: __

I CITY:

V. -«

Advertisers Index

Reader Service Number/ Advertiser Poge

102 Abacus Software 61

103 Abacus Software 64,65

104 American PEOPLE/LINK 21

Aprotek 2

Batteries Included 9

105 CardcQ, Inc IBC

106 Chase Manliattan 39

107 Comark, Inc 27

Commodore IFC.l

108 CompuServe 5

ComputAbility 91

109 Computer Direct 45

1 10 Computer House Specialties .... 90

1 1 1 Computer Mail Order 30.31

1 12 Computer Media Marketing .... 96

Computer Warehouse 94

Disk Worldl, Inc 39

Disk Worldl, Inc 95

First Class Peripherals 43

ICS Computer Training 61

Jason-Ranheim 32

113 Jensen Tools, Inc 44

Reader Service Number/ Advertiser Page

1 14 J & R Music World 96

Lyco Computer 92,93

North Hills Corp 96

North Hills Corp 96

1 15 Pacific Exchanges 96

1 16 Prof. Jones 94

117 Protecto 47

1 1 a Starpoint Software 25

119 Starpoint Software 27

120 Strategic Simulations, Inc 13

121 Strategic Simulations, Inc 19

1 22 subLOGIC Corporation 11

1 23 Taxon BC

124 Timeworks 32

125 White House Computer 94

Apple Titles from COMPUTE! Books . , 7
COMPUTE! Books August Releases . 23
COMPUTEI's Commodore Collection,

Volumes 1 ond 2 29

COMPUTE! Subscription 17

3M Diskettes
Lifetime Warranty

TIRED OF WAITING
FOR SERVICE AND PRICE?

9 out of 10 SURVEYED
DISK BUYERS PREFERRED

NORTH HILLS

#1 IN SERVICE AND PRICE

1-800-328-3472

Formatted and hard sectored disks
in stock-Dealer inquiries invited.

COD, VISA, MASTERCARD
All orders shipped within 24 hrs.

>i.

A4 W

NORTH HILLS CORP.
INTERNATIONAL

3564 Rolling View Dr.
White Bear Lake, MN. 55110

l^N. call col'ect-612-770-0485

^

"No-Stretch" Viewing
ANGLED PRINTER STAND

Standard & Deluxe Models available

80/1 32 column available

Deluxe fits over Disk Drive

Priced from S21 ,95

COMPUTER MEDIA MARKETING

Dept. [C-B] P.O, BOX 61 4

Katy. TX 77492

713/392-2385

[collect ok]

D^fller Inquiries Wflicomo

MEMOREX

FLEXIBLE DISCS

WE WILL NOT BE UNDER-
SOLDn Call Free (800)2354137

for prices and informatioa Dealer
inquiries invited and C.O.D.'s
accepted

PACinc

EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd
San Luis Obispo. CA
93401, In Cat call
(8001592-5935 or
8051543-1037

y

maxeil disks

LIFETIME WARRANTY

TIRED OF WAITING
FOR SERVICE AND PRICE?

9 out of 10 SURVEYED
DISK BUYERS PREFERRED

NORTH HILLS

#1 IN SERVICE AND PRICE

1-800-328-3472

Formatted and hard sectored disks
in stock-Dealer inquiries invited.

COD, VISA, MASTERCARD
All orders shipped within 24 hrs.

Ai4

M

NORTH HILLS CORP.
INTERNATIONAL

3564 Rolling View Dr.

White Bear Lake, MN. 551 10

MN. call collect-612-770-0485

Shift your computer Info overdrive

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1

Technical

Breakthrough

IMumber S7

Pl^

rfor

no other print;er interface can

Only CARDCO would dare improve on its own
best seller (the +G has far out-sold any other
printer interface, and has set the industry
standard by which competitors are judged).
The G-Wiz Is even better — and costs
30% less." Our 27th major innovation in
Commodore accessories has all the +G's
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Built-in Buffer for IVfbre Speed
The G-Wiz buffer dumps high-resolution
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minutes with the G-Wlz.

Micronics, Prowriter, Smith Corona, C-ITOH,
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CARDCO excellence triumphs again! The
G-Wiz is the "best bang for the buck" on the
printer interface market today — and it's
backed by CARDGO'S exclusive lifetime
warranty! ' '"'•■ ■ another distant target for the
competitii ~*>iipp--

CARDCC

KS 67202

Wfe Make Your Apple Shine

At TAXAN we keep it simple. Our Apple line of Monitors "— ' '~ ""■ "■ '"'" ' '

combines many of the great features of our IBM line.
Super High-Res and High-Res capabilities allow for the

Being #1 is an education.

Picking the right Monitor
for your Apple takes an
educated guess, tool
finest in business graphics. Video games look better, tool
And your children will love you for choosing TAXAN
instead of Brand X.

MOPBL 420 (2 inch Super High-Res RGB Color Monitor.
Fully compatible witfi Apple. IBM and most other personal
computefS- 640x262 line resofurion. Unlimited colors available
thraugfi analog video circuit. Btactt face, non-glare tube.

MODEL 410 12 inch High-(!es RGB Color Monitor Fully
compatible with Apple, IBM and most other personal computers-
5)0)t262 line /esolution. Unlimited colors available through analog
vrdeo circuit.

MODKL 220 I4' composite Color Monitor t^th Audio

Standard NTSC composite video signal input

Chrominance and luminance inputs available for Commodore,
Atari, and other corrputerj

Exuemeh/ tow geometric distortion

Switchable to green or amtJCf display. Built-in 2 watt audio

Optional: Ti!l;/Svvivel Base available (Model t10-12|

4T0-08 RGB interface card for the
Apple II, Ih, He and Franklin Ace 1 000
and 1 200 Rev. A only.
410-17 RGB Module f^A,"^' lie.
410-80B 80 C':-!','='. "^ q
intpA'—cjrJ-^ ppte lie.

1 addi-
" 'olor

.Irtr

MODEL 116 12 inch High-Res Amber Monitor Long
Persistance Phosphor vM^ non-glare screen. Fully compatible
with Apple. IBM and most other personal computers. 1000 line
resolution. More tfian 20 MHz bandwidth. 2000 charaaer display.
Optional filt/Swivel Base available Model 110-12.
Green Phosphor available [lutodel II5|,

MODEL 500 PRINTER BUFFER

Centronics compatible parallel interfece
with 64K memoiy expandable to 2S6K.
Four ftjnnion modes include: Manual.
Ctouble. Free and Command. Compatible
^vith most printers.
OPTIONS—

Model 599-01 e>4K Extra Memoiy
Add-on